{"id":25,"date":"2015-11-13T15:08:57","date_gmt":"2015-11-13T20:08:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=25"},"modified":"2017-11-04T06:21:15","modified_gmt":"2017-11-04T10:21:15","slug":"how-do-you-give-credit-to-others-for-their-ideas","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-give-credit-to-others-for-their-ideas\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 4. How do I give credit to others for their ideas?","rendered":"Chapter 4. How do I give credit to others for their ideas?"},"content":{"raw":"One of the most challenging tasks in writing an academic paper is effectively integrating the work of others. There are several reasons why it is important to accurately cite the work of others throughout your paper:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You are making a contribution to the body of literature in your discipline when you write a scholarly paper. It is important that this contribution be documented clearly so that others can link your ideas to that broader literature base.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Those reading your paper may want to follow up on some of the ideas you have presented. Properly citing your sources allows them to find the complete reference in your reference list and locate the original source for themselves.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As noted in Chapter 1, you compromise your scholarly integrity and put yourself at risk of plagiarism when you fail to systematically and accurately identify your sources.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMy purpose in the first part of this chapter is to provide guidelines for effectively integrating the knowledge available in the academic, scholarly literature base into your papers. I pay particular attention to effective citation of all sources. I provide some tips for selecting and integrating direct quotations from key sources.\r\n\r\nThe focus of the second part of is chapter is on creating an accurate and comprehensive reference list. The purpose of a reference list is to allow the reader to identify and find the original sources of information you have used in writing your paper. I will identify common principles that demonstrate similarities in how various components of a reference are treated. There are several important considerations in creating a reference list:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A reference list is not the same as a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of information sources related to a particular topic that is created for the purpose of providing a research tool for others. A reference list is a more narrow and specific list of resources that have been drawn on for a specific scholarly work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A reference list will contain only those sources that you have cited in your paper. If you read something but did not cite it, do not include it in your reference list. If you read something and did cite it in the paper, you must include it in the reference list.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The main purpose of a reference list is to allow readers to retrieve the exact document you used. For this reason, carefully follow the APA style guidelines and accurately represent your sources.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBy necessity, this chapter follows the <em>APA Manual <\/em>principles closely. It is not intended as a replacement for that manual, however. I have provided summary tables to make the basic principles clear, and I have focused predominantly on the most common types of sources that you will use in your graduate papers. Do not rely exclusively on this information; you will require a copy of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> to ensure you are familiar with how to cite and reference a wide range of materials. I also strongly recommend that you develop the habit of using the search function on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style<\/a> website if you are unclear about how to cite or reference a particular source. Click on any of the links below to take you that section of the chapter.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#citations\">Integrating citations<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#quotations\">Integrating quotations<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#multiple\">Citing multiple sources<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#repeat\">Sources repeated in the same paragraph<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#referencecomponents\">Components of references<\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#integrating\">Integrating reference components<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#summary\">Summary<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's start with some basic definitions.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quotation.<\/strong> Any time you use the exact words of another author in your paper, you are directly quoting the author. You must provide the source information for each quotation and the exact location within that work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Citation.<\/strong> For most of your paper, you will write in your own words, and you will draw on the ideas you gathered from reading the work of others. Each time you use an idea or provide information that you learned from another source or sources, you must cite that source or sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reference.<\/strong> Each time you quote or cite someone, you provide just enough information for the reader to go to your reference list to find the full reference for that work. The full reference provides readers with all of the information needed to locate that source for themselves.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong><a id=\"citations\"><\/a>Integrating citations into your paper<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nYou are required to cite the source for all material that you have paraphrased or drawn ideas from. The basic format for most citations is similar: (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">author<\/span><\/strong>, <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">date<\/span><\/strong><\/em>). Please do not use bold or italics in your paper. I have used them here only to ensure these elements stand out on all e-readers. Below are three examples of how these may be integrated into the text of your paper.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">There are three key issues that health disciplines educators must attend to in building programs that are sensitive to the cultural diversity of both students and potential clients or patients (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Braeback &amp; Smith<\/span><\/strong>, <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"blue\">2015<\/span><\/em><\/strong>). One of these issues was highlighted by <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Thompson<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"blue\">(<em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">2013<\/span><\/strong><\/em>)<\/span>: He recommended taking an infused approach to curriculum development to ensure cultural issues are addressed in all courses. This contradicted the <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"blue\">2011<\/span><\/strong><\/em> guidelines articulated by <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Gregg, Martinez, and Peres<\/span><\/strong>, who argued for focusing diversity training within a single course.<\/p>\r\nIn most cases, either the author(s) and date will be in parentheses or the author will be referred to within the sentence and the date will be in parentheses. Notice that if the date is also used in the sentence, it does not need to be provided in parentheses. Notice, also, that when the authors are listed within the text of the sentence, the word <em>and <\/em>is written out; within parentheses, the ampersand symbol (<em>&amp;)<\/em> is used in the list of authors.\r\n\r\nThe two components to the citation, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">author<\/span><\/strong> and <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\">date<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, will vary for different information sources. There are numerous examples provided in the <em>APA Manual<\/em>. To simplify things, I have created Tables 4.1 and 4.2, in which I have summarized the major decision rules. Please note that the bold font is included only for emphasis; omit bold or italics in any part of your citations. If you are unclear about any of these decision rules, refer to the sections of the <em>APA Manual <\/em>provided in the last column. Notice that the first time you introduce a new source in your paper, you must provide full information on the author(s); however, in subsequent citations the list of author(s) is often shortened or abbreviated.\r\n<h3>Table 4.1. <em>Author Format for Citations<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Author Details<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Citation Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Each use (Arthur <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">&amp;<\/span><\/strong> Achenbach, 2012)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3-5 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>First use (Atkinson, Wampold, Lowe, Matthews, &amp; Aye, 2011)\r\n\r\nSubsequent use (Atkinson <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">et al.<\/span><\/strong>, 2011)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6-7 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Each use (Padilla et al., 2011)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8 or more authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Each use (Miller et al., 2013)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Group as author (association, agency\u2026)<\/td>\r\n<td>Use abbreviations for subsequent citations only if the name is long and the abbreviation is familiar (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[SSHRC]<\/span><\/strong>, 2015)\r\n\r\nSubsequent use (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">SSHRC<\/span><\/strong>, 2015)\r\n\r\nDo not abbreviate (University of Calgary, 2015)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.13,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Editor(s) instead of author(s)<\/td>\r\n<td>Use editor names in citation (Nott &amp; Bell, 2013), unless you are referring to a specific author\u2019s work within an edited collection<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.12,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Both author and editor<\/td>\r\n<td>Use the author name(s) only in the citation (Riley, 2013)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11-6.13,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Different articles with authors with same surname<\/td>\r\n<td>Include first author\u2019s initials in all citations: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">M. I.<\/span> <\/strong>Jerry (2016) and <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P.<\/span> <\/strong>Jerry and Strong (2013) . . .<\/td>\r\n<td>6.14,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No author for article or chapter<\/td>\r\n<td>Use first words of the reference (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">\u201cPreparing Students,\u201d<\/span><\/strong> 2014), usually the title\r\n\r\nAll words are capitalized, unlike in the reference list<\/td>\r\n<td>6.15,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No author for periodical, book, report\u2026<\/td>\r\n<td>Use first words of the reference (usually title) (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Encyclopedia<\/em><\/span><\/strong>, 2014)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.15, 6.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Two different citations that shorten to the same format<\/td>\r\n<td>Retain as many of the other authors as required to distinguish them (Jorge, Miles, &amp; Paget, 2013)\r\n\r\nSubsequent use (Jorge, Miles et al., 2013)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12,\u00a06.16,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Same author, same year<\/td>\r\n<td>Identify by a, b, c, and so on to match reference list (Pederson, 2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">a<\/span><\/strong>, 2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b<\/span><\/strong>, in press<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">-a<\/span><\/strong>, in press<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">-b<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Anonymous sources<\/td>\r\n<td>Only if clearly identified as anonymous, use (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>, 2011)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.15, 6.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Suffixes on names (e.g., Jr.)<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include suffixes such as Jr (Andrews &amp; Lenny, 2011)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.25,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a id=\"secondary\"><\/a>Secondary sources<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>Name the original work and cite the secondary source (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Caesar as cited in<\/span><\/strong> Romano, 2015)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a id=\"personal\"><\/a>Personal communications<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>Provide the authors initials and exact date (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P. Jerry, personal communication, December 15, 2015<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Twitter feed, Facebook page, or entire websites<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>Insert the URL directly into your paper (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>https:\/\/twitter.com\/JustinTrudeau<\/strong><\/span>)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<em>Note.<\/em><sup> 1 <\/sup>Remember, <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#secondary\">Secondary sources<\/a><\/span> should be used only when original sources cannot be accessed through the university library and no other original source can be found to support your point.\r\n<sup>2 <\/sup>Personal communication is one of the <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#caution\">Sources to use with caution<\/a><\/span>, so it should occur rarely in your papers. If you do cite a personal communication, do not add it to your reference list.\r\n<sup>3<\/sup> These websites should not be added to your reference list unless you refer to a specific tweet, comment, or portion of a website.\r\n<h3>Table 4.2. <em>Date Format for Citations<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Nature of Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Citation Format\r\n(in paper)<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Journals, books, audiovisuals<\/td>\r\n<td>(James &amp; Castro, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Journals without volume numbers<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month (<span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\">Atkinson, Wampold, Lowe, Matthews, &amp; Aye, <\/span> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Monthly publications (newsletters, magazines)<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month (Atkinson et al., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Papers and posters from conferences or meetings<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month (Nott &amp; Bell, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11,\u00a06.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Reports from private organizations<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month or day (Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA], <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>7.03(35)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Daily\/weekly publications (newspapers, magazines)<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month or day (\"The refugee crisis,\" <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.28,\u00a07.01(7, 8)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sources accepted for publication<\/td>\r\n<td>(James, Williams, &amp; Castro, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28, 7.01(6)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sources submitted for publication<\/td>\r\n<td>Use year of manuscript you read (Allans, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>7.09(59)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Online forums, newsgroups, mailing lists<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include month or day (Anonymous, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>7.11(74-77)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No date<\/td>\r\n<td>(CMHA, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nFor the most part, you should synthesize material from other sources and write in your own words. Recall the guidelines for\u00a0<span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#paraphrase\">Effective paraphrasing<\/a><\/span> and\u00a0<span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#discern\">Discerning when to cite others<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 1 and the principles for <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-generate-and-position-your-ideas\/#synthesis\">Synthesis and integration of professional literature<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 2. Proper citation involves both acknowledging all of your sources and accurately integrating those citations.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise1\"><\/a>Exercise 1<\/h3>\r\nTo test your understanding of how to record the author and date for various types of information sources, <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex1\">Exercise 1<\/a> provides you with a list of references. Based on these references, indicate how you would write the in-text citation. Once you have completed the list, refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex1a\">Exercise 1 Feedback<\/a> to check your accuracy. Follow up on areas for improvement by locating the appropriate information on the author and date tables above and reviewing further examples in the appropriate section(s) of the <em>APA Manual<\/em>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong><a id=\"quotations\"><\/a>Integrating quotations into your paper\r\n<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nThere are two basic formats for inserting a quotation into your paper.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Quotations of less than 40 words<\/h2>\r\nThere are two ways to integrate quotations of less than 40 words into the text of your writing:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">According to <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">McMahon (2013),<\/span><\/strong> it is essential to recognize that \u201cthere are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations\u201d <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(p. 45)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">or<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">As she argued, \u201cthere are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations\u201d (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">McMahon, 2013, p. 45<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\r\nThere are several things you will want to pay attention to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Whether you capitalize the first letter of the quote depends on the sentence structure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The author and date always stay together, regardless of where you position them in the sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Page numbers are always placed at the end of the quotation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is always a space before the first parenthesis and between the p. and the page number.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Quotations of more than 40 words<\/h2>\r\nQuotations of more than 40 words are set apart from the rest of your paragraph as a separate, indented block of text.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Other authors hold a different view of the role of theory. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Billingsgate (2016)<\/span><\/strong> noted the following key points:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">There are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations. This argument leads the novice theorist to wonder how to derive direction and establish a sense of foundation. The truth is most theorists do this by holding tentatively to a range of theoretical propositions and moving with fluidity. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(p. 45)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Billingsgate went on to explain that. . .<\/p>\r\nPlease take note of the following tips:<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Even long quotations are double-spaced like the rest of the paper.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are no quotation marks around quotations of 40 words or more; instead, they are indented \u00bd inch (1.3 cm) from the left margin. Do not change the spacing from the right margin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Notice that the page numbers are always at the end of the quote.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is no period after the closing parenthesis with the page number. (p. 45)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you continue with the same paragraph, do not indent the line following the quotation; if you are starting a new paragraph, then indent as usual.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Other Tips for Quotations:<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Other authors hold a different view of the role of theory. <span style=\"color: #333333\">Billingsgate (2016) <\/span>noted the following key points:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">There are three <em>irrefutable truths<\/em>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>[emphasis added]<\/strong><\/span> about all scientific <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[health]<\/span><\/strong> theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations. This argument leads the novize <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[<em>sic<\/em>]<\/span><\/strong> theorist to wonder how to derive direction and establish a sense of foundation. The truth is most theorists do this by holding tentatively to a range of theoretical propositions <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . .<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>(p. 45)<\/p>\r\nHere are some things to note:<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You can change capitalization of the first word of a quotation, the punctuation at the end, or the type of quotation marks used within the quote without indicating these changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you want to emphasize something in a quotation, put those words in italics and follow them with [emphasis added].<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If there is an error in the quote, you can usually just leave it. However, if it might confuse the reader, identify the error with [<em>sic<\/em>].<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you leave something out or start\/end the quote partway through a sentence, use . . . (notice that a portion of the last line is now cut off).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you need to add something to the quote for it to make sense in the context of your paper, include the addition in brackets \u2013 [health].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may want to look at the examples provided by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writing.wisc.edu\/Handbook\/QPA_quoting.html\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center - <em>How to Quote a Source<\/em><\/a>. If you want to more detail, see sections 6.03 to 6.10 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em>.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise2\"><\/a>Exercise 2<\/h3>\r\nOnce you feel ready to test your knowledge, find the 10 APA errors in <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex2\">Exercise 2<\/a>. If you think you have identified them all, click on <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex2a\">Exercise 2 Feedback<\/a> to verify your accuracy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe same rules apply for recording the author and date for quotations (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2 above). However, for quotations, you must provide additional information about the specific part of the source that you are drawing your quote from. Typically, this involves listing page numbers. However, for electronic sources, this is more challenging because page numbers are often not provided. Table 4.3 provides some pointers.\r\n<h3>Table 4.3. <em>Citing Specific Sections of a Source<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Topic<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key points<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Example<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Quotations from print sources<\/td>\r\n<td>Always give page number\r\n\r\nUse <em>p.<\/em> for single pages; <em>pp.<\/em> for multiple pages<\/td>\r\n<td>(Horvath, 2010<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, p. 164<\/span><\/strong>)\r\nor\r\nHorvath (2010, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">pp. 164-165<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Quotations from electronic sources<\/td>\r\n<td>Where provided, give page number\r\n\r\nIf no pages, use paragraph number\r\n\r\nIf no paragraph numbers, cite section heading and count paragraphs\r\n\r\nShorten heading if necessary and put in quotations<\/td>\r\n<td>Jackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. 147<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\nJackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">para. 6<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\nJackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">R<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">esearch Procedures section, para. 4<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\nJackson and Hayes (2013, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>\"Events That Precipitated,\" para. 9<\/strong><\/span>)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.03, 6.04, 6.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Specific chapters in non-edited book<\/td>\r\n<td>Cite chapter when you use only this portion of a work\r\n\r\nUse chapter number<\/td>\r\n<td>(Hammond, 2013<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, Chapter 5<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\nHammond (2003<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, Chapter 5<\/span><\/strong>) \u2026<\/td>\r\n<td>6.05, 6.19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong><a id=\"multiple\"><\/a>Integrating multiple sources<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nIn the examples provided so far, I have limited the citations to one source at a time. However, when you are writing your paper, you must pull together information from two or more sources to support each key point and sub-point in your argument. This is part of the process of <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-generate-and-position-your-ideas\/#synthesis\">Synthesis and integration of professional literature<\/a><\/span> (from Chapter 2) to demonstrate critical reflection on the material that you read. In Table 4.4, I provide a summary of the key issues for this type of citation.\r\n<h3>Table 4.4. <em>Integrating Multiple Sources<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Topic<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key points<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Example<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 or more works cited together<\/td>\r\n<td>Alphabetical order\r\n\r\nSeparate with semicolon in parentheses\r\n\r\nSeparate with comma in text<\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>nderson, 2013<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">;<\/span><\/strong> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">J<\/span><\/strong>ohnson, 2016<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">;<\/span><\/strong> Mathews &amp; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">G<\/span><\/strong>reen, 2011)\r\n\r\nAnderson (2013)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> Johnson (2016)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, and<\/span><\/strong> Mathews and Green (2011)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 or more works by the same author<\/td>\r\n<td>List author name once\r\n\r\nArrange by date (earliest first; in press last)\r\n\r\nSeparate with comma<\/td>\r\n<td>(Pederson, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2011, 2013<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\n(Pederson, 2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>)\r\n\r\n(Pederson, 2011<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>a<\/strong>,<\/span> 2011<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b,<\/span><\/strong> 2013)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 work more important than the others<\/td>\r\n<td>List important citation first and precede others with <em>see also . . .<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Mathews &amp; Green, 2011; see also<\/span><\/strong> Anderson, 2013; Johnson, 2016)<\/td>\r\n<td>6.16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Quotations<\/td>\r\n<td>There can be only one source for a quotation, although there may be multiple authors<\/td>\r\n<td>(Mishra, 2014, p. 555)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"red\">(Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013, p. 15)\r\n<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nHave a look at the sample text below.\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Qualitative research methods have increasingly emerged as the methodological preference of feminist researchers (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Jackson, 2015; Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013; Sanchez &amp; Michael, 2016<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues (2013)<\/span><\/strong> pointed to the consistency in philosophical underpinnings between qualitative approaches and feminist theory. However, there are others who disagree with this conclusion (Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span class=\"red\">Mishra, 2011, 2014<\/span>; Yasynskyy, 2014<\/span><\/strong>). The basic argument is that no method is inherently bound to philosophical assumptions. It is the specific application of the method that is at question (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Mishra, 2014; see also<\/span><\/strong> Brando, 2013; Kelly, 2016). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy (2014)<\/span> <\/strong>argued that \"it is the application of the method not the method itself that matters\" (p. 555). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues<\/span><\/strong> have provided a detailed counterargument . . .<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><a id=\"repeat\"><\/a><strong>Sources repeated in the same paragraph<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nYou will notice that, in the sample text above, several of the sources have been cited a number of times within the same paragraph. Here is the protocol for when to repeat the citation date, drawing on the <em>APA manual<\/em>, section 6.11.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the author's name appears in parentheses, as in the Mishra citation below, the date is always included.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Yasynskyy quotation also requires a date because it is the first time the date appears in the text of the paragraph (rather than in parentheses).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the author's name(s) appears two or more times outside parentheses, the date is used the first time the name(s) appears (as in the Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith citation below), but not in subsequent citations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the same author or group of authors appears more than once, as in the Mishra citations below, and different articles are referred to, the date should be included to avoid any confusion about which article by Mishra is being cited.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nExamples of these principles have been <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">bolded<\/span><\/strong> in the paragraph below.\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Qualitative research methods have increasingly emerged as the methodological preference of feminist research<span style=\"color: #000000\">ers (<span class=\"red\">Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013<\/span><\/strong>; Sanchez &amp; Michael, 2016<\/span>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues (2013)<\/span><\/strong> pointed to the consistency in philosophical underpinnings between qualitative approaches and feminist theory. However, there are others who disagree with this conclusion (Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Mishra, 2011, 2014<\/span><\/strong>; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy, 2014<\/span><\/strong>). The basic argument is that no method is inherently bound to philosophical assumptions. According to <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Mishra (2014),<\/span><\/strong> it is the specific application of the method that is at question (<span class=\"red\">see also<\/span> Brando, 2013; Kelly, 2016). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy (2014)<\/span><\/strong> argued that \"it is the application of the method not the method itself that matters\" (p. 555). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues<\/span><\/strong> have provided a detailed counterargument .<\/span> . .<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBe sure to select appropriate <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">pronouns<\/span><\/strong> and <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"green\">transitions<\/span><\/em><\/strong> to provide the reader with a clear indication of what information you have drawn from each source. (Revisit <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-effectively-communicate-your-ideas\/#transitional\">Transitional devices<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 3 for more information.) Here is an example:\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Sampson and Delilah (2016) identified three main factors that contribute to health in lower class populations. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">They<\/span><\/strong> placed the most emphasis on access to education and resources to support goal attainment. <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"green\">However<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">they<\/span><\/strong> also noted role models in the community and basic health services. The latter point is reinforced by Brandon (2015). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">This author<\/span><\/strong> emphasized . . . <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">None-the-less<\/span><\/strong>, <\/em>David, Rogers, and Strong (2013) argued that \"poverty is the root of population health challenges\" (p. 211). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Their<\/span><\/strong> argument challenges those of Brandon and Sampson and Delilah.<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNotice that I have avoided using a gendered pronoun for Brandon (2005) because I want my writing to be culturally inclusive, and I support a non-binary view of gender. If I knew that Brandon used <em>ze<\/em> or <em>they<\/em> for self-reference, I would choose that pronoun in my writing.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise3\"><\/a>Exercise 3<\/h3>\r\nComplete <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex3\">Exercise 3<\/a> to see how many errors you can find related to the accurate integration of sources. Once you think you have identified them all, click on <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex3a\">Exercise 3 Feedback<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><a id=\"referencecomponents\"><\/a>Components of references<\/h1>\r\nFor every source you cite in your paper, you must add an entry to your reference list. The only exception is personal communications, which are only cited in the body of the paper (and very sparingly). The best way to track your references is to create the reference list as you go along, so that you are not searching for reference information in your final edits of the paper.\r\n<div class=\"note textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Tech Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe split screen option in Word provides a handy tool for cross-checking citations with references:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Go to the \"Window\" tab and select \"Split.\" This will split your document into two screens so that you can view two sections of the paper at once.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To return to a normal screen, go to \"Window\" then \"Remove split.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nEvery reference in your list should follow the same basic pattern in terms of the information it contains:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>. (<strong><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/strong>). <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Title of article or chapter<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span> <em><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book)<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Source (either print or electronic)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nSeparating a reference into its component parts makes it easier to grasp the principles that lie behind the multiple examples in the <em>APA Manual<\/em>. Notice that each component is separated by a period; entries, within each component, are be separated by commas. Also, there is only one space between each component in a reference list.\r\n\r\nThe <em>APA Manual<\/em> provides many different examples of sources of information that may form part of your resource base for writing graduate papers. Normally, your main focus will be on peer reviewed journal articles and books (recall the <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#scholarly\">Scientific and scholarly foundation<\/a><\/span> for writing from Chapter 1). However, the way in which you reference these sources will depend primarily on whether they are periodicals or non-periodicals and whether you accessed them electronically or in print. The various combinations of factors can result in confusion for newcomers to APA formatting.<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><a id=\"author2\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/h2>\r\nFirst, I will revisit how authorship is managed. I have revised Table 4.1 to illustrate how authors will be presented in your reference list. You will be able to apply these principles to all of your citations. Note: The bold is provided only for emphasis. Do not use bold in any part of your reference list.\r\n<h3>Table 4.5. <em>Author Format for References<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Author Details<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Arthur, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">N.,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Achenbach, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">K.<\/span><\/strong> (2012).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3-5 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Atkinson, D. R., Wampold, B. E., Lowe, S., Matthews, L., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">&amp;<\/span> <\/strong>Aye, H. (2011).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6-7 authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Padilla, A. M., Lindholm, K. J., Chen, A., Duran, R., Hakuta, K., Lambert, W., &amp; Tucker, G. R. (1991).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8 or more authors<\/td>\r\n<td>Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . .<\/span> <\/strong>Rubin, L. H. (2009).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Group as author (association, agency\u2026)<\/td>\r\n<td>Use full names of organizations\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council<\/span><\/strong>. (2015).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A parent organization precedes a department or division\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Calgary, Division of Applied Psychology<\/span><\/strong>. (2013).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>6.13,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27, 7.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Editor(s) instead of author(s)<\/td>\r\n<td>Use editors in place of authors and include Ed. or Eds.\r\nNott, J., &amp; Bell, A. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>. (2013).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">When (ed.) is used for edition, it is not capitalized<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.12,\u00a06.27, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Both author and editor<\/td>\r\n<td>List the editor following the title\r\nRiley, A. (2013). <em>Forging ahead <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(R. Bailey, Ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11-6.13,\u00a06.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Different articles with authors with same surname<\/td>\r\n<td>No change to normal format\r\nJerry, M. I. (2006).\r\nJerry, P., &amp; Strong, T. (2003).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.14,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No author for article or chapter<\/td>\r\n<td>Title moves to the author position\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Preparing students for the 21st century.<\/span><\/strong> (2004).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Title component of reference left blank<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>6.15,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No author for periodical, book, report\u2026<\/td>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">Title moves to author position<\/span><\/span>\r\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>Encyclopedia of APA challenges<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">. (2014).<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>6.15, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Two different citations that shorten to the same format<\/td>\r\n<td>No change in format:\r\nJorge, R., Miles, J., &amp; Paget, S. (2013).\r\nJorge, R., Robertson, S., &amp; Miles, J. (2013).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.12,\u00a06.16,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Same author, same year<\/td>\r\n<td>Identify by a b c\u2026 in alphabetical order by title\r\nPederson, P. (2106<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">a<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>dopting . . .\r\nPederson, P. (2016<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">T<\/span><\/strong>he nature . . .<\/td>\r\n<td>6.16, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Anonymous sources<\/td>\r\n<td>Only if clearly identified as anonymous, use\r\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>. (2011).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.15, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Suffixes on names (e.g., Jr.)<\/td>\r\n<td>Include the suffix after the name\r\nAndrews, N., <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Sr.,<\/span> &amp; Lenny, R., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.<\/span><\/strong> (2011).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.25,\u00a06.27, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Secondary sources<\/td>\r\n<td>Reference the secondary source only\r\nRomano, T. T. (2015).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Personal communications<\/td>\r\n<td>Do not include in reference list<\/td>\r\n<td>6.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Audiovisual materials<\/td>\r\n<td>List contributors and their functions\r\nKeith, R. (Producer), &amp; Languille, V. (Director).<\/td>\r\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><a id=\"date\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #008000\">Date<\/span><\/h2>\r\nTable 4.6 below provides an overview of how dates to handle in your reference list. Compare this to Table 4.2 to see how the parallel citations are entered in the text of your paper.\r\n<h3>Table 4.6. <em>Date Format for References<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Nature of Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Journals, books, audiovisuals<\/td>\r\n<td>James, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">S., &amp;<\/span><\/strong> Castro<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, R. J.<\/span><\/strong> (2012).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Journals without volume numbers<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month\r\nAtkinson, S., Wampold, R., Lowe, S. N., Matthews, A., &amp; Aye, R. J. (2012<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Monthly publications (newsletters, magazines)<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month\r\nAtkinson, S., Wampold, R., Lowe, S. N., Matthews, A., &amp; Aye, R. J. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Papers and posters from conferences or meetings<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month\r\nNott, S., &amp; Bell, R. J. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11,\u00a06.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Reports from private organizations<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month and day\r\nCanadian Mental Health Association. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>7.03(35)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Daily\/weekly publications (newspapers, magazines)<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month and day\r\nThe refugee crisis. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.11, 6.28,\u00a07.01(7, 8)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sources accepted for publication<\/td>\r\n<td>James, S., Williams, R., &amp; Castro, R. J. (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28, 7.01(6)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sources submitted for publication<\/td>\r\n<td>Use date of manuscript you read\r\nAllans, R. J. (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>2015<\/strong><\/span>).<\/td>\r\n<td>7.09(59)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Online forums, newsgroups, mailing lists<\/td>\r\n<td>Include month and day\r\nAnonymous. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>7.11(74-77)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Audiovisual materials<\/td>\r\n<td>Use only year for motions pictures and television series\r\nSchwartz, R. (Producer). (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2011<\/span><\/strong>).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Use year, month, day for podcasts\r\nSchwartz, R. (Producer). (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2015, December 15<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>No date.<\/td>\r\n<td>Use n.d. in lieu of date\r\nJames, S., &amp; Castro, R. J. (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>n.d.<\/strong><\/span>).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For webpages, the \"page last updated\" date should not be used<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Use n.d. if no date is provided for the specific entry<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>6.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993366\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><a id=\"title\"><\/a>Title\r\n<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\r\nThe next major component of any reference list entry is the title, which includes both (a) the title of article or chapter and (b) the title and location in the larger work (e.g., journal or book), where applicable. Chapter 7 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> contains several sections, each with examples relevant to the type of publication discussed. There are two major groupings of print materials.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Non-periodicals.<\/strong> These are materials that are published at a specific point in time (e.g., books, brochures, manuals, and reports).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Periodicals.<\/strong> These are continuous publications (e.g., journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Non-periodicals<\/strong> and chapters or articles from non-periodicals always follow the same pattern in your reference list:\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em>Title of non-periodical<\/em>.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"purple\">Source<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of chapter<\/span><\/strong>. In Initial. Editor (Ed.), <strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em>Title of non-periodical<\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #993366\">(first page-last page)<\/span>. <span class=\"purple\">Source.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Periodicals<\/strong> also follow a common pattern:\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of article<\/span><\/strong>.<strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em> Title of periodical, Volume number<\/em>(Issue number), first page-last page<\/span><\/strong>. Source<\/div>\r\nTable 4.7 outlines the guidelines and variations in how the titles of articles or chapters, as well as the periodicals or non-periodicals vary. Remember, the <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">bold<\/span><\/strong> in these tables is for emphasis - do no use bold in any part of your reference list.\r\n<h3>Table 4.7. <em>Title Format for Periodicals\r\n<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Capitalize the first letter of both the title and subtitle (where applicable).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A journal name is a proper noun so capitalized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>dvances in nursing practice: <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>S<\/strong><\/span>hifting the dynamics in health care.\u00a0<em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">J<\/span><\/strong>ournal of <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>dvanced <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">N<\/span><\/strong>ursing <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P<\/span><\/strong>ractice, 3<\/em>(1), 23-35.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>7.01(1-17)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include additional descriptors after the title in brackets (e.g., Abstract, Letter to editor, Monograph, Online forum comment, Television series episode).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Mishra, T. (2015, July 23). Building online database systems <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Letter to editor]<\/span><\/strong>. <em>Technology Weekly, 34<\/em>, 40-45.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.29, 7.01(12, 14, 16), 7.06, 7.07, 7.08,\u00a07.10, 7.11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Place the volume in italics, but not the issue, e.g., 37(3).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include the issue number only if each issue begins on page 1.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add no space between volume and issue numbers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Always use Arabic (4), not Roman (IV), numerals, even if the source uses Roman.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Starting from scratch to design health curriculum.\u00a0<em>Health Education Reform, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(3)<\/span><\/strong>, 51-87.\r\n\r\nStarting from scratch to design health curriculum. <em>Education in Health Psychology, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, 310-321.\r\n\r\nStarting from scratch to design health curriculum. <em>Proceedings of the National Association of Health Psychology, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, 1310-1321.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30, 7.01(3-17), 7.04(38)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do not include issue number for magazines or newsletters.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Why choose to see a counsellor? <em>Psychology Today, 43, <\/em>4-5.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include page numbers unless referring to entire special issue.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Martin, H., &amp; Reed, R. W. (2013). The globalization of psychology [Special issue]. <em>Journal of International Psychotherapy, 45<\/em>(4).<\/td>\r\n<td>7.01(12)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do not use volume or issue numbers for newspapers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include p. or pp. before page number(s) and indicate section (e.g., B in this case).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Women and mothering. <em>Calgary Herald<\/em>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. B8<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a07.01 (10, 11)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If accepted for publication, include only article and journal titles (no volume, issue, or page numbers).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If submitted but not yet accepted, include only article title and publication status. Put article title in italics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If no intention to publish, list as unpublished manuscript.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients. <em>Journal of Health Behavior.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients<\/em>. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Manuscript submitted for publication<\/span><\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<em>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients<\/em>. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Unpublished manuscript.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>7.01 (6), 7.09(58-60)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Table 4.8. <em>Title Format for Non-Periodicals <\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Put book titles in italics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Capitalize only the first letter, unless it is a two-part title.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Capitalize proper nouns.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>T<\/strong><\/span>alking cures: <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span> history of <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>W<\/strong><\/span>estern and <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span>astern psychotherapies<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.29, 7.02(18-30)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include publication information in parentheses following the title (e.g., edition, volume number).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The evolution of nursing practice in Canada <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(3<sup>rd<\/sup> ed., Vol. 2)<\/span><\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>7.02(23,28-30)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include additional descriptors in brackets following the title and publication information (e.g., brochure, manual, data file).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Training issues in health psychology <\/em>(2nd ed.) <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Manual]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.29, 7.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do not italicize title of chapter - put book title in italics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Capitalize only first letter of titles and subtitles (where applicable).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place initials before editor's last names.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No comma between two editors - commas between three or more.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Comma after (Eds.).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include publication information after book title.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include chapter page numbers (except for books in press).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Building collaboration across the health disciplines. In <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">S.<\/span> <\/strong>Edwards &amp; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">B. N.<\/span> <\/strong>Walters <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>New directions in inter-professional collaboration <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(pp. 279-304)<\/span><\/strong>.\r\n\r\nThe future is bright! In R. W. Stevens<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> L. Hanson<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Z. Wells (Eds.)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">L<\/span><\/strong>ooking forward, looking back: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>dvances in professional psychology <\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2nd ed.,<\/span> <\/strong>pp. 101-134).<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td>7.02(21, 24, 25, 26)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For chapters in e-books, if no pages numbers, omit pages.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If e-reader version, note in brackets (e.g., Kindle, Kobo).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration for social change: Redefining the counseling profession. In C. Lee &amp; G. R. Walz (Eds.),<em> <em>Social action: A mandate for counselors <\/em><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[E-reader version]<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2011\/06\/how-do-you-cite-an-e-book.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>How Do You Cite an E-Book?<\/em><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For reports, include the report number, if applicable, in parentheses following the title (e.g., Report No. XXX, Publication No. XXX).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Leading communication groups<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Report No. 56 \u2013 NN - 23432)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a07.03(31, 33-35)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For course materials, such as instructor commentaries, indicate nature of materials in brackets.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>A short introduction to nurse practitioner competencies<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Course materials]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>7.10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For audiovisual materials, list nature of media in brackets following title.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Psychodynamic counselling<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Audio podcast]<\/span>. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>The FHD comedy hour<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Television series]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Indicate nature of digital or online materials.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The masses are mobilizing<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Online forum comment].\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Theoretical eclecticism <\/em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>[Electronic mailing list message].\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>7.11(74-77]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2><a id=\"source\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Source<\/span><\/h2>\r\nThe source component of your reference list depends primarily on whether the work has been logged into the DOI system, a means of applying a unique alpha-numeric identifier for each object available through digital sources. Finding the DOI is always your first step.\r\n<h3>DOI<\/h3>\r\nDOI numbers are unique <em>digital object identifiers<\/em> that catalogue works included in electronic versions of journals or books. If a DOI exists, then you must use it to identify the source of your information. Then you are done - no other source information is required. The current pattern for listing the DOI is as follows:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/xxxxxxxxxxxxxx<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nThis new format replaces the older version - <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxxx - used in the current <em>APA Manual<\/em>. The advantage of this new format is that a reader can copy the URL into their browser and immediately access the article information and abstract from the publisher website. Try it out by clicking on this link: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2015.00069.x\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2015.00069.x<\/a>. The APA has posted updates on the new format: <\/span><\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/digital-object-identifier-doi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>How To Use the New DOI Format in APA Style<\/em><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/a-doi-primer.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>A DOI primer<\/em><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDOIs are often listed on the library database page where you retrieved your article. You often are given an option to format the reference automatically (although you must carefully proofread the entry, and the new DOI format is not yet included). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/flash\/pubs\/databases\/tutorials\/doi\/index.aspx?_ga=1.215674135.1261532175.1443104419\" rel=\"noopener\">The APA Style - Digital Object Identifiers [Video tutorial] <\/a>- demonstrates how to find DOIs in various databases.\r\n\r\nThe good news is that there is now an even simpler way to locate a DOI (if one exists).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.crossref.org\/guestquery\/\" rel=\"noopener\">crossref.org - <em>Free DOI Lookup<\/em>,<\/a> allows you to search for the DOI based on author, date, and title<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.crossref.org\/SimpleTextQuery\/\" rel=\"noopener\">crossref.org - Simple Text Query Form,<\/a> allows you to enter your entire reference list at once to search for all of the DOI's.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPlease note this word of caution: You must be very accurate with the other components of your reference for these tools to be effective. If you do not immediately retrieve a DOI, check the author, date, and title for accuracy - an <em>and<\/em> rather than\u00a0<em>an ampersand (<em>&amp;<\/em>) <\/em>in a journal title can make the difference. Some non-US sources (e.g., certain Canadian journals) are not currently included in the DOI registry, so you will need to move on to the publisher URL below.\r\n\r\nFor examples and more information, see the <em>APA Manual<\/em> sections 6.31, 6.32, 7.01(1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 15), 7.02(19, 24).\r\n<h3>Publisher URL<\/h3>\r\nIf a DOI exists, you are expected to use it in your reference list, whether you read the digital version or not. If you cannot find a DOI <em>and<\/em> you accessed the article or chapter electronically, then you must provide a URL. The basic pattern for listing the URL is as follows:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Retrieved from URL<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nYou must choose between the URL for the homepage of the publisher <em>or <\/em>the full document URL. So, how do you decide which one to use? You aim to optimize the ease with which a member of the public could access the information.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If you retrieved a work through the library databases, the article URL (with database information) is not public. Test out this one without logging into the AU library: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ehh&amp;AN=85198764&amp;site=eds-live\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ehh&amp;AN=85198764&amp;site=eds-live<\/a>. In this case, the publisher homepage URL should be used: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/03069885.asp\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/03069885.asp<\/a>. Click on the journal name in most library databases to find the publisher URL or search the journal name on the Internet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you retrieved a work from the Internet and it can easily be found by searching the publisher website, then the publisher homepage URL should be used. The Qualitative Report is an open access journal where the reader can easily locate an article: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/tqr\/\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/tqr\/<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Statistics Canada, however, hosts a vast selection of content that might make it difficult for the reader to find the specific report you used. In this case, the full URL should be provided. Take, for example, the following summary table that required 4-5 clicks for me to find: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/tables-tableaux\/sum-som\/l01\/cst01\/health88a-eng.htm\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/tables-tableaux\/sum-som\/l01\/cst01\/health88a-eng.htm<\/a>. The same applies for reports from various organizations, blog entries, forum posts, or other content not catalogued through the publisher home page.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCheck out the following supports for choosing an appropriate URL (where a DOI is not available).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/what-to-usethe-full-document-url-or-home-page-url.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>What to Use - The Full Document URL or Home Page URL?<\/em><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2013\/10\/how-to-cite-social-media-in-apa-style.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>How to Cite Social Media in APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+<\/em>)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor more information and examples see the <em>APA Manual <\/em>sections 6.31, 6.32, 7.01(3, 4, 8), 7.02(19), 7.04(32), 7.05(42).\r\n<h3>Database Information<\/h3>\r\nThe only time you should provide database information is if you are certain that the article is only available within that database. Otherwise, readers would have an easier time finding the article through a publisher URL, as above. If restricted to a specific database, which sometime occurs with archived materials, <span style=\"color: #333333\">you must provide either the database home page URL (e.g., <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/<\/a>) or the database name and accession number (e.g., Retrieved from Global Health Studies database (Accession No. 89327498)).\r\n<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">If a resource can only be accessed by purchasing it through a commercial website or database, then use <em>Available from . . . <\/em>rather than <em>Retrieved from . . . <\/em>to introduce the URL.<\/div>\r\nRead Section 6.31 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for more information about DOIs and about uniform resource locators (URLs).\r\n<h3>Print source with no DOI<\/h3>\r\nRemember, that many print-based resources also have DOIs. If a DOI exists, you are expected to use it in your reference list. If no DOI exists and you are referencing content from a periodical such as an academic journal, no publisher information is required. Your reference is complete! For other print resources and for limited circulations periodicals, use the following format to complete the source component.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Location: Publisher.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nTable 4.9 provides specific instructions about how to list the location and publisher for print-only resources.\r\n<h3>Table 4.9. <em>Location and Publisher<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Issue<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle(s)<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Canadian or US location<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Always list city<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List state or province using abbreviations\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>See <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1413027\" rel=\"noopener\">US abbreviations<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>See <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1380608\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian abbreviations<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1380608\"><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n\r\nToronto, ON: Brooks\/Cole.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30, 7.02(25)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Location outside of Canada or US<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Include country in reference (along with city)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not include province or state<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Auckland, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>New Zealand<\/strong><\/span>: Kiwi Press.\r\n\r\nBrisbane, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Australia<\/span><\/strong>: Aussie Press.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30, 7.02(18)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Multiple locations listed for publisher<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Select the home office (if indicated)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If not, select the first location in the list<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi\r\n\r\nSelect: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Thousand Oaks, CA<\/span><\/strong>: Sage<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>University presses<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If name of university reveals province or state, do not repeat in location<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Vancouver<\/span><\/strong>: University of British Columbia Press.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Length of publisher names<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Keep as brief as possible\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Do not include Publishers, Inc., Co., etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include Press, Books, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Brooks\/Cole<\/span><\/strong>.\r\n\r\nAuckland, New Zealand: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Kiwi Press<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30, 7.02(18, 25)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Author = Publisher<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If author and publisher are the same, use \u201cAuthor\u201d for the publisher notation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Toronto<\/span><\/strong>. (2003). \u2026 Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>6.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nReview the principles for completing the source component of your references by checking out the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style - <em>A DOI and URL Flowchart<\/em><\/a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><a id=\"integrating\"><\/a><strong>Integrating reference components<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nNow that we have pulled references apart into their component parts, it is time to put them back together to create a reference list. The following exercises are designed to give you practice creating references for various types of resources you may cite in your papers. You will also need to refer to the <a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a>, <a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a>, <a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a>, and <a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a> information above. I deliberately have not attempted to replace the <em>APA Manual<\/em> or to be inclusive in my summaries, please refer to your <em>APA Manual<\/em> or the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style<\/a> blog.\u00a0<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise4-7\"><\/a>Exercises 4 to 7<\/h3>\r\nThe purpose of <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex4\">Exercise 4<\/a> is to practice creating references for periodicals. Double-check your responses with <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex4a\">Exercise 4 Feedback<\/a>. There probably are a few things that you need to review to ensure that you have mastered this material.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex5\">Exercise 5<\/a> is designed to give you practice referencing various types of books. Check your responses against the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex5a\">Exercise 5 Feedback<\/a>.\r\n\r\nIn most cases, you will not reference an entire book, but rather a specific chapter on the topic you are writing about. <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex6\">Exercise 6<\/a> aims to reinforce your learning about how to reference specific sections of a book. Be sure to review the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex6a\">Exercise 6 Feedback<\/a> to see where you require more review.\r\n\r\nYou may retrieve other documents or portions of documents online that meet the criteria for credible, scholarly sources. <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex7\">Exercise 7<\/a> assesses your mastery of referencing principles for these documents. Check your responses against the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex7a\">Exercise 7 Feedback<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"note textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nOne of the challenges in applying APA editorial style is that the <em>APA Manual <\/em>does not make the underlying thematic connections or structural commonalities in each reference example sufficiently transparent. When I first started writing, I did what many of you probably do: I searched the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for an example that matched my information source. However, it is not possible to provide examples with all the different potential combinations of these components. My goal throughout this e-book has been to identify the core principles.\r\n\r\nI was well into my academic life when I had another insight that now seems completely obvious to me. It demonstrates the importance of looking at the big picture as well as the details. I have always struggled to remember the punctuation in references: commas or periods between various elements? What I realized is that breaking the reference into these distinct components solves this problem: Each field is separated by a period! Now that I have grasped this, I do not double-check my work all the time. I hope you also have to double-check your work less once these underlying principles begin to sink in.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou should now have a draft of your reference list, with each entry completed according to the principles above. Here are a few reminders and tips for ensuring accuracy in your reference list.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Remember, every reference in your list follows the same basic pattern in terms of the information it contains:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>. (<strong><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/strong>). <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Title of article or chapter<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span> <em><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book)<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Source (either print or electronic)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the referencing summary in <a href=\"#table4.9\">Table 4.9<\/a> below to quickly double-check proper referencing format for each source. If you do not see what you are looking for, review the <a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a>, <a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a>, <a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a>, and <a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a> information above. Finally, go to Chapter 7 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for additional reference examples.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As a general rule, include more rather than less information to ensure that your source can be properly located.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Print your reference list, and compare each citation in your paper (from start to finish) against the list. I typically put a check mark or highlight each reference as I encounter a matching citation. This reminds me that the next time I encounter that citation, I need to ensure I am using the proper format for subsequent (not first) citation of that source.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is also a good time to review your reference list to make sure that each of the sources you have used fits the criteria for <span itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#scholarly\">Scientific and scholarly foundation<\/a><\/span> in writing. Just because you now know how to reference something, does not make it an appropriate source for your paper.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe purpose of Table 4.10 is to provide a quick reference to the various ways in which each field in a reference may be displayed. You can combine elements from various fields to suit your information source \u2013 be careful to ensure that your combination is appropriate, though. I have attempted to illustrate a variety of permutations of each field. Use your mouse to scroll horizontally to view the complete table.\r\n<h3><a id=\"table4.9\"><\/a>Table 4.10. <em>Summary Table for References<sup>1<\/sup><\/em><\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of Article or Chapter\r\n<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and Location in Book or Journal (if applicable)\r\n<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Source (Print or Electronic)\r\n<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Williams, C. C.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\r\n<td>A rationale for anti-oppressive models in mental health services.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Crit<\/em><em>\u00ad<\/em><em>ical Health Care, 2<\/em>(2), 20-31.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.2195465<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\r\n<td>Building effective home care systems.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Journal of International Nursing, 23<\/em>, 55-59.<\/td>\r\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2002.tb299.x<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bell, R. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\r\n<td>The future of nursing practice <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Special issue]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Journal of Nursing, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">22<\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(6)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/\/www.nursing.org\/journal<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . . Eight, J.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\r\n<td>Blending culture and gender.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Proceedings<\/em><\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"> of the<\/span><\/strong> Annual Culture Convention, 2<\/em>(2), 20-31.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/www.criticalsocialwork.com\/CSW_V2_N2_WILL.pdf<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Williams, C. C.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\r\n<td>Evidence-based practice in health care <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Supplemental material]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Crit<\/em><em>\u00ad<\/em><em>ical Health Care, 2<\/em>(2), 32-35.<\/td>\r\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.2195465<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">American Psychological Association<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Guidelines for clients choosing assisted death<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from<\/span><\/strong> http:\/\/www.apa.org\/divisions\/div87\/guidelines\/assisteddeath.html<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Arthur, N.<\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>The nature of career theory<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Course materials]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Graduate Centre for Applied Psychology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/gcap.athabascau.ca\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.,<\/span><\/strong> R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\r\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration for social change.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">In C. Lee &amp; G. R. Walz (Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>Social action: A mandate for counselors<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td>Retrieved from <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/www.athabascau.ca\/cnhs\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Alberta, Department of Educational Psychology.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Ethics guidelines for new counsellors<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.VATI.bc.ca\/ethics.pdf<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Handy, C. D., &amp; Allen, G.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2011<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July 5<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>Theoretical eclecticism <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Online forum comment]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Retrieved from <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/www.counselling.org\/group\/arttherapy\/message\/45<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Opening doors.<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td>(2004, August 1)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/www.counselling.org\/group\/arttherapy\/message\/45<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Arthur, N.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">C<\/span><\/strong>ounsellor education: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">W<\/span><\/strong>here do we go from here?<\/td>\r\n<td><em>C<\/em><em>anadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 49<\/em>, 88-103.<\/td>\r\n<td><em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca\/cjc\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2005<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July 23<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>Building online database systems <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Letter to the editor]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Technology Weekly, 34<\/em>, 40-45.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Brown, N., &amp; Achenbach, K.<\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>Excellence in practicum experiences <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Review of the book <em>Comparative practices in health practica<\/em>, by S. Low &amp; R. Brown].<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>Spectrum Journal<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nott, J., &amp; Bell, A. <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>(Eds.)<\/strong><\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\r\n<td>The globalization of nursing <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Special issue]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Journal of International Nursing, 45<\/em>(4).<\/td>\r\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/\u200b00110003260065<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Wong, G.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, August 3<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td>Women and mothering.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Calgary Herald<\/em>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. B8<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2011<span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <strong>March<\/strong><\/span>).<\/td>\r\n<td>Comments about the accreditation process.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>CPA Counselling Section Newsletter<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">3-5.<\/span> <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cpa.ca\/counselling\/news.html<em>\r\n<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Andrews, N., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Sr.,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Lenny, R., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\r\n<td>Building an argument for theoretical integrity <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Abstract]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Proceedings<\/em><\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"> of the Alberta Health Disciplines Symposium<\/span><\/strong>, 24<\/em>, 56-64.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hdab.ca\/2014syposium\/proceedings.pdf<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Samson, R., &amp; Withrow, M.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\r\n<td>Building a solid framework for international collaborations.<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Journal of International Studies, 33<\/em>, 45-59.\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>Abstract retrieved from PsychAbstracts database. (Accession No. 3000938392)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bradshaw, R.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Building an argument for theoretical integrity<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Manuscript submitted for publication.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Department of Canadian Heritage.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Sexual orientation and human rights. <\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from Government of Canada website:<\/span><\/strong> http:\/\/www.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1355925591901\/1355925767915<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bankart, P., Aliam, R., &amp; Fitzgerald, G.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2007).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>A history of <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">W<\/span><\/strong>estern and <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">E<\/span><\/strong>astern health care<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks\/Cole.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Brown, N., &amp; Achenbach, K.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2011).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Leading communication groups <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(2nd ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ru.2011.07.003<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., Eli, W., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2015<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Basic communication skills for group leaders <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Brochure]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Auckland, New Zealand<\/span><\/strong>: Kiwi Press.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Federal Research Services.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>AIDS in North America<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Report No. 56 \u2013 NN - 23432).<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . . <\/span><\/strong>Anderson, B.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\r\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0In B. Moss &amp; G. Jones <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>Working together: Inside the field <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(pp. 279-304)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2013.00067.x<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Toronto, Department of Clinical Psychology.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2010).<\/td>\r\n<td>What\u2019s in a theory?<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">In<\/span> <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Managing depression<\/em><\/span><\/strong> (pp. 45-75).<\/td>\r\n<td>Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Andrews, N., &amp; Lenny, R.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\r\n<td>Expanding our thinking.<\/td>\r\n<td>In J. G. Rubens (Ed.), <em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">H<\/span><\/strong>andbook of critical thinking<\/em>:\u00a0<em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">T<\/span><\/strong>houghts on culture <\/em>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Vol. 3, <\/em>2nd ed.,<\/span> <\/strong>pp. 289-310).<\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Moscow, Russia<\/span><\/strong>: Vladmir Press.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Preparing students for the 21st century.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.athabascau.ca\/fhd\/preparing.pdf<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Calgary.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Proceedings<\/em><em> of the International Consultation on Nursing\r\n<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Calgary, AB: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Jerry, P.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2015, June).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Distributed learning in the information age<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Association for Distance Education. Vancouver, BC<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Jerry, P.<\/td>\r\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\r\n<td><em>Moving distributed learning beyond traditional limits<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Unpublished manuscript, Graduate Centre for Applied Psychology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<sup>1 <\/sup>These are not actual references; they have been fabricated for the purpose of exemplifying the principles. The bold font is intended only to highlight examples of various permutations within each field.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong><a id=\"summary\"><\/a>Summary<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nYour paper should now have appropriate citations inserted for each main point that reflects ideas you have drawn from others. You may be feeling a bit overwhelmed about all of the possible permutations and combinations of author, date, title, and source that may be required in your reference list. However, most of the time, you will find the information you need for your graduate papers through journal articles from the university library. This will narrow the range of options for each component of your references. You may end up with one or two other sources for a given paper, and now you will have a pretty good idea of where to start to ensure each of them is accurately and fully represented in your reference list. Review the editing checklist items below to ensure that you are ready to move on to the final formatting your paper, including your reference list, in <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-structure-and-format-your-paper\/\">Chapter 5<\/a>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Have you added appropriate citations for each key point and sub-point in your argument?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you listed the sources in each cluster of citations in alphabetical order?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is your format for first time use and subsequent use of each citation accurate?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you removed the date from repeat citations within the text of individual paragraphs?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you accurately presented quotations in the paper?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you included page or paragraph numbers to indicate exactly where your quotations came from?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you correctly block-formatted quotations of 40 words or more?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do all of your citations have matching references?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you used all of the entries in your reference list in your paper?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does each of your references contain full and accurate information?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do the DOI and URL links take you to the appropriate source?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis is also a good time to double-check a few scholarly integrity issues.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Are all of the ideas you have drawn from others accurately and consistently tied back to their sources?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you accurately tracked the source of each paraphrase or quotation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you accessed all of the original sources rather than relying on secondary sources?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you made substantive use of each of the resources in your reference list? [Adding in a citation just to beef up your reference list may be considered a scholarly integrity infraction.]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Have you used an appropriate number of resources for the nature of the paper you are writing?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>One of the most challenging tasks in writing an academic paper is effectively integrating the work of others. There are several reasons why it is important to accurately cite the work of others throughout your paper:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You are making a contribution to the body of literature in your discipline when you write a scholarly paper. It is important that this contribution be documented clearly so that others can link your ideas to that broader literature base.<\/li>\n<li>Those reading your paper may want to follow up on some of the ideas you have presented. Properly citing your sources allows them to find the complete reference in your reference list and locate the original source for themselves.<\/li>\n<li>As noted in Chapter 1, you compromise your scholarly integrity and put yourself at risk of plagiarism when you fail to systematically and accurately identify your sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>My purpose in the first part of this chapter is to provide guidelines for effectively integrating the knowledge available in the academic, scholarly literature base into your papers. I pay particular attention to effective citation of all sources. I provide some tips for selecting and integrating direct quotations from key sources.<\/p>\n<p>The focus of the second part of is chapter is on creating an accurate and comprehensive reference list. The purpose of a reference list is to allow the reader to identify and find the original sources of information you have used in writing your paper. I will identify common principles that demonstrate similarities in how various components of a reference are treated. There are several important considerations in creating a reference list:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A reference list is not the same as a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of information sources related to a particular topic that is created for the purpose of providing a research tool for others. A reference list is a more narrow and specific list of resources that have been drawn on for a specific scholarly work.<\/li>\n<li>A reference list will contain only those sources that you have cited in your paper. If you read something but did not cite it, do not include it in your reference list. If you read something and did cite it in the paper, you must include it in the reference list.<\/li>\n<li>The main purpose of a reference list is to allow readers to retrieve the exact document you used. For this reason, carefully follow the APA style guidelines and accurately represent your sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By necessity, this chapter follows the <em>APA Manual <\/em>principles closely. It is not intended as a replacement for that manual, however. I have provided summary tables to make the basic principles clear, and I have focused predominantly on the most common types of sources that you will use in your graduate papers. Do not rely exclusively on this information; you will require a copy of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> to ensure you are familiar with how to cite and reference a wide range of materials. I also strongly recommend that you develop the habit of using the search function on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style<\/a> website if you are unclear about how to cite or reference a particular source. Click on any of the links below to take you that section of the chapter.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#citations\">Integrating citations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#quotations\">Integrating quotations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#multiple\">Citing multiple sources<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#repeat\">Sources repeated in the same paragraph<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#referencecomponents\">Components of references<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#integrating\">Integrating reference components<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#summary\">Summary<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let&#8217;s start with some basic definitions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotation.<\/strong> Any time you use the exact words of another author in your paper, you are directly quoting the author. You must provide the source information for each quotation and the exact location within that work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Citation.<\/strong> For most of your paper, you will write in your own words, and you will draw on the ideas you gathered from reading the work of others. Each time you use an idea or provide information that you learned from another source or sources, you must cite that source or sources.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reference.<\/strong> Each time you quote or cite someone, you provide just enough information for the reader to go to your reference list to find the full reference for that work. The full reference provides readers with all of the information needed to locate that source for themselves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong><a id=\"citations\"><\/a>Integrating citations into your paper<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>You are required to cite the source for all material that you have paraphrased or drawn ideas from. The basic format for most citations is similar: (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">author<\/span><\/strong>, <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">date<\/span><\/strong><\/em>). Please do not use bold or italics in your paper. I have used them here only to ensure these elements stand out on all e-readers. Below are three examples of how these may be integrated into the text of your paper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">There are three key issues that health disciplines educators must attend to in building programs that are sensitive to the cultural diversity of both students and potential clients or patients (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Braeback &amp; Smith<\/span><\/strong>, <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"blue\">2015<\/span><\/em><\/strong>). One of these issues was highlighted by <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Thompson<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"blue\">(<em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">2013<\/span><\/strong><\/em>)<\/span>: He recommended taking an infused approach to curriculum development to ensure cultural issues are addressed in all courses. This contradicted the <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"blue\">2011<\/span><\/strong><\/em> guidelines articulated by <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Gregg, Martinez, and Peres<\/span><\/strong>, who argued for focusing diversity training within a single course.<\/p>\n<p>In most cases, either the author(s) and date will be in parentheses or the author will be referred to within the sentence and the date will be in parentheses. Notice that if the date is also used in the sentence, it does not need to be provided in parentheses. Notice, also, that when the authors are listed within the text of the sentence, the word <em>and <\/em>is written out; within parentheses, the ampersand symbol (<em>&amp;)<\/em> is used in the list of authors.<\/p>\n<p>The two components to the citation, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">author<\/span><\/strong> and <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\">date<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, will vary for different information sources. There are numerous examples provided in the <em>APA Manual<\/em>. To simplify things, I have created Tables 4.1 and 4.2, in which I have summarized the major decision rules. Please note that the bold font is included only for emphasis; omit bold or italics in any part of your citations. If you are unclear about any of these decision rules, refer to the sections of the <em>APA Manual <\/em>provided in the last column. Notice that the first time you introduce a new source in your paper, you must provide full information on the author(s); however, in subsequent citations the list of author(s) is often shortened or abbreviated.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.1. <em>Author Format for Citations<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Author Details<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Citation Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 authors<\/td>\n<td>Each use (Arthur <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">&amp;<\/span><\/strong> Achenbach, 2012)<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3-5 authors<\/td>\n<td>First use (Atkinson, Wampold, Lowe, Matthews, &amp; Aye, 2011)<\/p>\n<p>Subsequent use (Atkinson <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">et al.<\/span><\/strong>, 2011)<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6-7 authors<\/td>\n<td>Each use (Padilla et al., 2011)<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 or more authors<\/td>\n<td>Each use (Miller et al., 2013)<\/td>\n<td>6.12,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Group as author (association, agency\u2026)<\/td>\n<td>Use abbreviations for subsequent citations only if the name is long and the abbreviation is familiar (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[SSHRC]<\/span><\/strong>, 2015)<\/p>\n<p>Subsequent use (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">SSHRC<\/span><\/strong>, 2015)<\/p>\n<p>Do not abbreviate (University of Calgary, 2015)<\/td>\n<td>6.13,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Editor(s) instead of author(s)<\/td>\n<td>Use editor names in citation (Nott &amp; Bell, 2013), unless you are referring to a specific author\u2019s work within an edited collection<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.12,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Both author and editor<\/td>\n<td>Use the author name(s) only in the citation (Riley, 2013)<\/td>\n<td>6.11-6.13,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Different articles with authors with same surname<\/td>\n<td>Include first author\u2019s initials in all citations: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">M. I.<\/span> <\/strong>Jerry (2016) and <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P.<\/span> <\/strong>Jerry and Strong (2013) . . .<\/td>\n<td>6.14,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No author for article or chapter<\/td>\n<td>Use first words of the reference (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">\u201cPreparing Students,\u201d<\/span><\/strong> 2014), usually the title<\/p>\n<p>All words are capitalized, unlike in the reference list<\/td>\n<td>6.15,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No author for periodical, book, report\u2026<\/td>\n<td>Use first words of the reference (usually title) (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Encyclopedia<\/em><\/span><\/strong>, 2014)<\/td>\n<td>6.15, 6.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Two different citations that shorten to the same format<\/td>\n<td>Retain as many of the other authors as required to distinguish them (Jorge, Miles, &amp; Paget, 2013)<\/p>\n<p>Subsequent use (Jorge, Miles et al., 2013)<\/td>\n<td>6.12,\u00a06.16,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Same author, same year<\/td>\n<td>Identify by a, b, c, and so on to match reference list (Pederson, 2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">a<\/span><\/strong>, 2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b<\/span><\/strong>, in press<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">-a<\/span><\/strong>, in press<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">-b<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Anonymous sources<\/td>\n<td>Only if clearly identified as anonymous, use (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>, 2011)<\/td>\n<td>6.15, 6.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Suffixes on names (e.g., Jr.)<\/td>\n<td>Do not include suffixes such as Jr (Andrews &amp; Lenny, 2011)<\/td>\n<td>6.25,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a id=\"secondary\"><\/a>Secondary sources<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>Name the original work and cite the secondary source (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Caesar as cited in<\/span><\/strong> Romano, 2015)<\/td>\n<td>6.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a id=\"personal\"><\/a>Personal communications<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>Provide the authors initials and exact date (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P. Jerry, personal communication, December 15, 2015<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Twitter feed, Facebook page, or entire websites<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>Insert the URL directly into your paper (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>https:\/\/twitter.com\/JustinTrudeau<\/strong><\/span>)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Note.<\/em><sup> 1 <\/sup>Remember, <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#secondary\">Secondary sources<\/a><\/span> should be used only when original sources cannot be accessed through the university library and no other original source can be found to support your point.<br \/>\n<sup>2 <\/sup>Personal communication is one of the <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#caution\">Sources to use with caution<\/a><\/span>, so it should occur rarely in your papers. If you do cite a personal communication, do not add it to your reference list.<br \/>\n<sup>3<\/sup> These websites should not be added to your reference list unless you refer to a specific tweet, comment, or portion of a website.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.2. <em>Date Format for Citations<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Nature of Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Citation Format<br \/>\n(in paper)<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Journals, books, audiovisuals<\/td>\n<td>(James &amp; Castro, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Journals without volume numbers<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month (<span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\">Atkinson, Wampold, Lowe, Matthews, &amp; Aye, <\/span> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Monthly publications (newsletters, magazines)<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month (Atkinson et al., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Papers and posters from conferences or meetings<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month (Nott &amp; Bell, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.11,\u00a06.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Reports from private organizations<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month or day (Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA], <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>7.03(35)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Daily\/weekly publications (newspapers, magazines)<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month or day (&#8220;The refugee crisis,&#8221; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.28,\u00a07.01(7, 8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sources accepted for publication<\/td>\n<td>(James, Williams, &amp; Castro, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.28, 7.01(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sources submitted for publication<\/td>\n<td>Use year of manuscript you read (Allans, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>7.09(59)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Online forums, newsgroups, mailing lists<\/td>\n<td>Do not include month or day (Anonymous, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2012<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>7.11(74-77)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No date<\/td>\n<td>(CMHA, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>For the most part, you should synthesize material from other sources and write in your own words. Recall the guidelines for\u00a0<span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#paraphrase\">Effective paraphrasing<\/a><\/span> and\u00a0<span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#discern\">Discerning when to cite others<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 1 and the principles for <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-generate-and-position-your-ideas\/#synthesis\">Synthesis and integration of professional literature<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 2. Proper citation involves both acknowledging all of your sources and accurately integrating those citations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise1\"><\/a>Exercise 1<\/h3>\n<p>To test your understanding of how to record the author and date for various types of information sources, <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex1\">Exercise 1<\/a> provides you with a list of references. Based on these references, indicate how you would write the in-text citation. Once you have completed the list, refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex1a\">Exercise 1 Feedback<\/a> to check your accuracy. Follow up on areas for improvement by locating the appropriate information on the author and date tables above and reviewing further examples in the appropriate section(s) of the <em>APA Manual<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong><a id=\"quotations\"><\/a>Integrating quotations into your paper<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>There are two basic formats for inserting a quotation into your paper.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Quotations of less than 40 words<\/h2>\n<p>There are two ways to integrate quotations of less than 40 words into the text of your writing:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">According to <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">McMahon (2013),<\/span><\/strong> it is essential to recognize that \u201cthere are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations\u201d <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(p. 45)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">or<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">As she argued, \u201cthere are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations\u201d (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">McMahon, 2013, p. 45<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>There are several things you will want to pay attention to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whether you capitalize the first letter of the quote depends on the sentence structure.<\/li>\n<li>The author and date always stay together, regardless of where you position them in the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Page numbers are always placed at the end of the quotation.<\/li>\n<li>There is always a space before the first parenthesis and between the p. and the page number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Quotations of more than 40 words<\/h2>\n<p>Quotations of more than 40 words are set apart from the rest of your paragraph as a separate, indented block of text.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Other authors hold a different view of the role of theory. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Billingsgate (2016)<\/span><\/strong> noted the following key points:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">There are three irrefutable truths about all scientific theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations. This argument leads the novice theorist to wonder how to derive direction and establish a sense of foundation. The truth is most theorists do this by holding tentatively to a range of theoretical propositions and moving with fluidity. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(p. 45)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Billingsgate went on to explain that. . .<\/p>\n<p>Please take note of the following tips:<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Even long quotations are double-spaced like the rest of the paper.<\/li>\n<li>There are no quotation marks around quotations of 40 words or more; instead, they are indented \u00bd inch (1.3 cm) from the left margin. Do not change the spacing from the right margin.<\/li>\n<li>Notice that the page numbers are always at the end of the quote.<\/li>\n<li>There is no period after the closing parenthesis with the page number. (p. 45)<\/li>\n<li>If you continue with the same paragraph, do not indent the line following the quotation; if you are starting a new paragraph, then indent as usual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Other Tips for Quotations:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Other authors hold a different view of the role of theory. <span style=\"color: #333333\">Billingsgate (2016) <\/span>noted the following key points:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\">There are three <em>irrefutable truths<\/em>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>[emphasis added]<\/strong><\/span> about all scientific <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[health]<\/span><\/strong> theories: (a) Truth does not exist; (b) The closest we can get to truth is a far approximation; and (c) There are many equally valid approximations. This argument leads the novize <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[<em>sic<\/em>]<\/span><\/strong> theorist to wonder how to derive direction and establish a sense of foundation. The truth is most theorists do this by holding tentatively to a range of theoretical propositions <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . .<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>(p. 45)<\/p>\n<p>Here are some things to note:<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You can change capitalization of the first word of a quotation, the punctuation at the end, or the type of quotation marks used within the quote without indicating these changes.<\/li>\n<li>If you want to emphasize something in a quotation, put those words in italics and follow them with [emphasis added].<\/li>\n<li>If there is an error in the quote, you can usually just leave it. However, if it might confuse the reader, identify the error with [<em>sic<\/em>].<\/li>\n<li>If you leave something out or start\/end the quote partway through a sentence, use . . . (notice that a portion of the last line is now cut off).<\/li>\n<li>If you need to add something to the quote for it to make sense in the context of your paper, include the addition in brackets \u2013 [health].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may want to look at the examples provided by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writing.wisc.edu\/Handbook\/QPA_quoting.html\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center &#8211; <em>How to Quote a Source<\/em><\/a>. If you want to more detail, see sections 6.03 to 6.10 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise2\"><\/a>Exercise 2<\/h3>\n<p>Once you feel ready to test your knowledge, find the 10 APA errors in <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex2\">Exercise 2<\/a>. If you think you have identified them all, click on <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex2a\">Exercise 2 Feedback<\/a> to verify your accuracy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The same rules apply for recording the author and date for quotations (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2 above). However, for quotations, you must provide additional information about the specific part of the source that you are drawing your quote from. Typically, this involves listing page numbers. However, for electronic sources, this is more challenging because page numbers are often not provided. Table 4.3 provides some pointers.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.3. <em>Citing Specific Sections of a Source<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Topic<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key points<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Example<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quotations from print sources<\/td>\n<td>Always give page number<\/p>\n<p>Use <em>p.<\/em> for single pages; <em>pp.<\/em> for multiple pages<\/td>\n<td>(Horvath, 2010<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, p. 164<\/span><\/strong>)<br \/>\nor<br \/>\nHorvath (2010, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">pp. 164-165<\/span><\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>6.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quotations from electronic sources<\/td>\n<td>Where provided, give page number<\/p>\n<p>If no pages, use paragraph number<\/p>\n<p>If no paragraph numbers, cite section heading and count paragraphs<\/p>\n<p>Shorten heading if necessary and put in quotations<\/td>\n<td>Jackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. 147<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>Jackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">para. 6<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>Jackson and Hayes (2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">R<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">esearch Procedures section, para. 4<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>Jackson and Hayes (2013, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>&#8220;Events That Precipitated,&#8221; para. 9<\/strong><\/span>)<\/td>\n<td>6.03, 6.04, 6.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Specific chapters in non-edited book<\/td>\n<td>Cite chapter when you use only this portion of a work<\/p>\n<p>Use chapter number<\/td>\n<td>(Hammond, 2013<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, Chapter 5<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>Hammond (2003<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, Chapter 5<\/span><\/strong>) \u2026<\/td>\n<td>6.05, 6.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong><a id=\"multiple\"><\/a>Integrating multiple sources<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>In the examples provided so far, I have limited the citations to one source at a time. However, when you are writing your paper, you must pull together information from two or more sources to support each key point and sub-point in your argument. This is part of the process of <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-generate-and-position-your-ideas\/#synthesis\">Synthesis and integration of professional literature<\/a><\/span> (from Chapter 2) to demonstrate critical reflection on the material that you read. In Table 4.4, I provide a summary of the key issues for this type of citation.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.4. <em>Integrating Multiple Sources<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Topic<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key points<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Example<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 or more works cited together<\/td>\n<td>Alphabetical order<\/p>\n<p>Separate with semicolon in parentheses<\/p>\n<p>Separate with comma in text<\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>nderson, 2013<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">;<\/span><\/strong> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">J<\/span><\/strong>ohnson, 2016<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">;<\/span><\/strong> Mathews &amp; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">G<\/span><\/strong>reen, 2011)<\/p>\n<p>Anderson (2013)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> Johnson (2016)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, and<\/span><\/strong> Mathews and Green (2011)<\/td>\n<td>6.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 or more works by the same author<\/td>\n<td>List author name once<\/p>\n<p>Arrange by date (earliest first; in press last)<\/p>\n<p>Separate with comma<\/td>\n<td>(Pederson, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2011, 2013<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>(Pederson, 2013, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p>(Pederson, 2011<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>a<\/strong>,<\/span> 2011<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b,<\/span><\/strong> 2013)<\/td>\n<td>6.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 work more important than the others<\/td>\n<td>List important citation first and precede others with <em>see also . . .<\/em><\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Mathews &amp; Green, 2011; see also<\/span><\/strong> Anderson, 2013; Johnson, 2016)<\/td>\n<td>6.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quotations<\/td>\n<td>There can be only one source for a quotation, although there may be multiple authors<\/td>\n<td>(Mishra, 2014, p. 555)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"red\">(Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013, p. 15)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Have a look at the sample text below.<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Qualitative research methods have increasingly emerged as the methodological preference of feminist researchers (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Jackson, 2015; Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013; Sanchez &amp; Michael, 2016<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues (2013)<\/span><\/strong> pointed to the consistency in philosophical underpinnings between qualitative approaches and feminist theory. However, there are others who disagree with this conclusion (Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span class=\"red\">Mishra, 2011, 2014<\/span>; Yasynskyy, 2014<\/span><\/strong>). The basic argument is that no method is inherently bound to philosophical assumptions. It is the specific application of the method that is at question (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Mishra, 2014; see also<\/span><\/strong> Brando, 2013; Kelly, 2016). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy (2014)<\/span> <\/strong>argued that &#8220;it is the application of the method not the method itself that matters&#8221; (p. 555). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues<\/span><\/strong> have provided a detailed counterargument . . .<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"repeat\"><\/a><strong>Sources repeated in the same paragraph<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>You will notice that, in the sample text above, several of the sources have been cited a number of times within the same paragraph. Here is the protocol for when to repeat the citation date, drawing on the <em>APA manual<\/em>, section 6.11.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the author&#8217;s name appears in parentheses, as in the Mishra citation below, the date is always included.<\/li>\n<li>The Yasynskyy quotation also requires a date because it is the first time the date appears in the text of the paragraph (rather than in parentheses).<\/li>\n<li>If the author&#8217;s name(s) appears two or more times outside parentheses, the date is used the first time the name(s) appears (as in the Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith citation below), but not in subsequent citations.<\/li>\n<li>If the same author or group of authors appears more than once, as in the Mishra citations below, and different articles are referred to, the date should be included to avoid any confusion about which article by Mishra is being cited.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Examples of these principles have been <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">bolded<\/span><\/strong> in the paragraph below.<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Qualitative research methods have increasingly emerged as the methodological preference of feminist research<span style=\"color: #000000\">ers (<span class=\"red\">Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Leon, Andrews, &amp; Smith, 2013<\/span><\/strong>; Sanchez &amp; Michael, 2016<\/span>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues (2013)<\/span><\/strong> pointed to the consistency in philosophical underpinnings between qualitative approaches and feminist theory. However, there are others who disagree with this conclusion (Jackson, 2015; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Mishra, 2011, 2014<\/span><\/strong>; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy, 2014<\/span><\/strong>). The basic argument is that no method is inherently bound to philosophical assumptions. According to <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Mishra (2014),<\/span><\/strong> it is the specific application of the method that is at question (<span class=\"red\">see also<\/span> Brando, 2013; Kelly, 2016). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Yasynskyy (2014)<\/span><\/strong> argued that &#8220;it is the application of the method not the method itself that matters&#8221; (p. 555). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"red\">Leon and colleagues<\/span><\/strong> have provided a detailed counterargument .<\/span> . .<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Be sure to select appropriate <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">pronouns<\/span><\/strong> and <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"green\">transitions<\/span><\/em><\/strong> to provide the reader with a clear indication of what information you have drawn from each source. (Revisit <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-effectively-communicate-your-ideas\/#transitional\">Transitional devices<\/a><\/span> in Chapter 3 for more information.) Here is an example:<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Sampson and Delilah (2016) identified three main factors that contribute to health in lower class populations. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">They<\/span><\/strong> placed the most emphasis on access to education and resources to support goal attainment. <strong><em><span style=\"color: #008000\" class=\"green\">However<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">they<\/span><\/strong> also noted role models in the community and basic health services. The latter point is reinforced by Brandon (2015). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\" class=\"purple\">This author<\/span><\/strong> emphasized . . . <em><strong><span style=\"color: #008000\">None-the-less<\/span><\/strong>, <\/em>David, Rogers, and Strong (2013) argued that &#8220;poverty is the root of population health challenges&#8221; (p. 211). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Their<\/span><\/strong> argument challenges those of Brandon and Sampson and Delilah.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Notice that I have avoided using a gendered pronoun for Brandon (2005) because I want my writing to be culturally inclusive, and I support a non-binary view of gender. If I knew that Brandon used <em>ze<\/em> or <em>they<\/em> for self-reference, I would choose that pronoun in my writing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise3\"><\/a>Exercise 3<\/h3>\n<p>Complete <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex3\">Exercise 3<\/a> to see how many errors you can find related to the accurate integration of sources. Once you think you have identified them all, click on <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex3a\">Exercise 3 Feedback<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"referencecomponents\"><\/a>Components of references<\/h1>\n<p>For every source you cite in your paper, you must add an entry to your reference list. The only exception is personal communications, which are only cited in the body of the paper (and very sparingly). The best way to track your references is to create the reference list as you go along, so that you are not searching for reference information in your final edits of the paper.<\/p>\n<div class=\"note textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Tech Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The split screen option in Word provides a handy tool for cross-checking citations with references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Go to the &#8220;Window&#8221; tab and select &#8220;Split.&#8221; This will split your document into two screens so that you can view two sections of the paper at once.<\/li>\n<li>To return to a normal screen, go to &#8220;Window&#8221; then &#8220;Remove split.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Every reference in your list should follow the same basic pattern in terms of the information it contains:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>. (<strong><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/strong>). <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Title of article or chapter<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span> <em><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book)<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Source (either print or electronic)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Separating a reference into its component parts makes it easier to grasp the principles that lie behind the multiple examples in the <em>APA Manual<\/em>. Notice that each component is separated by a period; entries, within each component, are be separated by commas. Also, there is only one space between each component in a reference list.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>APA Manual<\/em> provides many different examples of sources of information that may form part of your resource base for writing graduate papers. Normally, your main focus will be on peer reviewed journal articles and books (recall the <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#scholarly\">Scientific and scholarly foundation<\/a><\/span> for writing from Chapter 1). However, the way in which you reference these sources will depend primarily on whether they are periodicals or non-periodicals and whether you accessed them electronically or in print. The various combinations of factors can result in confusion for newcomers to APA formatting.<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"author2\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>First, I will revisit how authorship is managed. I have revised Table 4.1 to illustrate how authors will be presented in your reference list. You will be able to apply these principles to all of your citations. Note: The bold is provided only for emphasis. Do not use bold in any part of your reference list.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.5. <em>Author Format for References<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Author Details<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 authors<\/td>\n<td>Arthur, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">N.,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Achenbach, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">K.<\/span><\/strong> (2012).<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3-5 authors<\/td>\n<td>Atkinson, D. R., Wampold, B. E., Lowe, S., Matthews, L., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">&amp;<\/span> <\/strong>Aye, H. (2011).<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6-7 authors<\/td>\n<td>Padilla, A. M., Lindholm, K. J., Chen, A., Duran, R., Hakuta, K., Lambert, W., &amp; Tucker, G. R. (1991).<\/td>\n<td>6.12, Table 6.1, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 or more authors<\/td>\n<td>Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . .<\/span> <\/strong>Rubin, L. H. (2009).<\/td>\n<td>6.12,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Group as author (association, agency\u2026)<\/td>\n<td>Use full names of organizations<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council<\/span><\/strong>. (2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A parent organization precedes a department or division<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Calgary, Division of Applied Psychology<\/span><\/strong>. (2013).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>6.13,\u00a0Table 6.1,\u00a06.27, 7.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Editor(s) instead of author(s)<\/td>\n<td>Use editors in place of authors and include Ed. or Eds.<br \/>\nNott, J., &amp; Bell, A. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>. (2013).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">When (ed.) is used for edition, it is not capitalized<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.12,\u00a06.27, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Both author and editor<\/td>\n<td>List the editor following the title<br \/>\nRiley, A. (2013). <em>Forging ahead <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(R. Bailey, Ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>6.11-6.13,\u00a06.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Different articles with authors with same surname<\/td>\n<td>No change to normal format<br \/>\nJerry, M. I. (2006).<br \/>\nJerry, P., &amp; Strong, T. (2003).<\/td>\n<td>6.14,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No author for article or chapter<\/td>\n<td>Title moves to the author position<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Preparing students for the 21st century.<\/span><\/strong> (2004).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Title component of reference left blank<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>6.15,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No author for periodical, book, report\u2026<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">Title moves to author position<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>Encyclopedia of APA challenges<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">. (2014).<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>6.15, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Two different citations that shorten to the same format<\/td>\n<td>No change in format:<br \/>\nJorge, R., Miles, J., &amp; Paget, S. (2013).<br \/>\nJorge, R., Robertson, S., &amp; Miles, J. (2013).<\/td>\n<td>6.12,\u00a06.16,\u00a06.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Same author, same year<\/td>\n<td>Identify by a b c\u2026 in alphabetical order by title<br \/>\nPederson, P. (2106<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">a<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>dopting . . .<br \/>\nPederson, P. (2016<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">b<\/span><\/strong>). <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">T<\/span><\/strong>he nature . . .<\/td>\n<td>6.16, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Anonymous sources<\/td>\n<td>Only if clearly identified as anonymous, use<br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>. (2011).<\/td>\n<td>6.15, 6.27, 7.01, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Suffixes on names (e.g., Jr.)<\/td>\n<td>Include the suffix after the name<br \/>\nAndrews, N., <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Sr.,<\/span> &amp; Lenny, R., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.<\/span><\/strong> (2011).<\/td>\n<td>6.25,\u00a06.27, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Secondary sources<\/td>\n<td>Reference the secondary source only<br \/>\nRomano, T. T. (2015).<\/td>\n<td>6.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Personal communications<\/td>\n<td>Do not include in reference list<\/td>\n<td>6.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Audiovisual materials<\/td>\n<td>List contributors and their functions<br \/>\nKeith, R. (Producer), &amp; Languille, V. (Director).<\/td>\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"date\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #008000\">Date<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Table 4.6 below provides an overview of how dates to handle in your reference list. Compare this to Table 4.2 to see how the parallel citations are entered in the text of your paper.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.6. <em>Date Format for References<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Nature of Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Journals, books, audiovisuals<\/td>\n<td>James, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">S., &amp;<\/span><\/strong> Castro<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, R. J.<\/span><\/strong> (2012).<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Journals without volume numbers<\/td>\n<td>Include month<br \/>\nAtkinson, S., Wampold, R., Lowe, S. N., Matthews, A., &amp; Aye, R. J. (2012<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Monthly publications (newsletters, magazines)<\/td>\n<td>Include month<br \/>\nAtkinson, S., Wampold, R., Lowe, S. N., Matthews, A., &amp; Aye, R. J. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Papers and posters from conferences or meetings<\/td>\n<td>Include month<br \/>\nNott, S., &amp; Bell, R. J. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>6.11,\u00a06.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Reports from private organizations<\/td>\n<td>Include month and day<br \/>\nCanadian Mental Health Association. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>7.03(35)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Daily\/weekly publications (newspapers, magazines)<\/td>\n<td>Include month and day<br \/>\nThe refugee crisis. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>6.11, 6.28,\u00a07.01(7, 8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sources accepted for publication<\/td>\n<td>James, S., Williams, R., &amp; Castro, R. J. (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>6.28, 7.01(6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sources submitted for publication<\/td>\n<td>Use date of manuscript you read<br \/>\nAllans, R. J. (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>2015<\/strong><\/span>).<\/td>\n<td>7.09(59)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Online forums, newsgroups, mailing lists<\/td>\n<td>Include month and day<br \/>\nAnonymous. (2012<strong>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">July 21<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>7.11(74-77)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Audiovisual materials<\/td>\n<td>Use only year for motions pictures and television series<br \/>\nSchwartz, R. (Producer). (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2011<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Use year, month, day for podcasts<br \/>\nSchwartz, R. (Producer). (<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2015, December 15<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No date.<\/td>\n<td>Use n.d. in lieu of date<br \/>\nJames, S., &amp; Castro, R. J. (<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>n.d.<\/strong><\/span>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For webpages, the &#8220;page last updated&#8221; date should not be used<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Use n.d. if no date is provided for the specific entry<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>6.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993366\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><a id=\"title\"><\/a>Title<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The next major component of any reference list entry is the title, which includes both (a) the title of article or chapter and (b) the title and location in the larger work (e.g., journal or book), where applicable. Chapter 7 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> contains several sections, each with examples relevant to the type of publication discussed. There are two major groupings of print materials.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Non-periodicals.<\/strong> These are materials that are published at a specific point in time (e.g., books, brochures, manuals, and reports).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Periodicals.<\/strong> These are continuous publications (e.g., journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Non-periodicals<\/strong> and chapters or articles from non-periodicals always follow the same pattern in your reference list:<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em>Title of non-periodical<\/em>.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"purple\">Source<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of chapter<\/span><\/strong>. In Initial. Editor (Ed.), <strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em>Title of non-periodical<\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #993366\">(first page-last page)<\/span>. <span class=\"purple\">Source.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Periodicals<\/strong> also follow a common pattern:<\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"red\">Author, Initial(s)<\/span>. <span class=\"blue\">(Date)<\/span>. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of article<\/span><\/strong>.<strong><span style=\"color: #993366\"><em> Title of periodical, Volume number<\/em>(Issue number), first page-last page<\/span><\/strong>. Source<\/div>\n<p>Table 4.7 outlines the guidelines and variations in how the titles of articles or chapters, as well as the periodicals or non-periodicals vary. Remember, the <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">bold<\/span><\/strong> in these tables is for emphasis &#8211; do no use bold in any part of your reference list.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.7. <em>Title Format for Periodicals<br \/>\n<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Capitalize the first letter of both the title and subtitle (where applicable).<\/li>\n<li>A journal name is a proper noun so capitalized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>dvances in nursing practice: <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>S<\/strong><\/span>hifting the dynamics in health care.\u00a0<em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">J<\/span><\/strong>ournal of <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>dvanced <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">N<\/span><\/strong>ursing <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">P<\/span><\/strong>ractice, 3<\/em>(1), 23-35.<\/span><\/td>\n<td>7.01(1-17)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Include additional descriptors after the title in brackets (e.g., Abstract, Letter to editor, Monograph, Online forum comment, Television series episode).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Mishra, T. (2015, July 23). Building online database systems <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Letter to editor]<\/span><\/strong>. <em>Technology Weekly, 34<\/em>, 40-45.<\/td>\n<td>6.29, 7.01(12, 14, 16), 7.06, 7.07, 7.08,\u00a07.10, 7.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Place the volume in italics, but not the issue, e.g., 37(3).<\/li>\n<li>Include the issue number only if each issue begins on page 1.<\/li>\n<li>Add no space between volume and issue numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Always use Arabic (4), not Roman (IV), numerals, even if the source uses Roman.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Starting from scratch to design health curriculum.\u00a0<em>Health Education Reform, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(3)<\/span><\/strong>, 51-87.<\/p>\n<p>Starting from scratch to design health curriculum. <em>Education in Health Psychology, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, 310-321.<\/p>\n<p>Starting from scratch to design health curriculum. <em>Proceedings of the National Association of Health Psychology, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">37<\/span><\/strong><\/em>, 1310-1321.<\/td>\n<td>6.30, 7.01(3-17), 7.04(38)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not include issue number for magazines or newsletters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Why choose to see a counsellor? <em>Psychology Today, 43, <\/em>4-5.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Include page numbers unless referring to entire special issue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Martin, H., &amp; Reed, R. W. (2013). The globalization of psychology [Special issue]. <em>Journal of International Psychotherapy, 45<\/em>(4).<\/td>\n<td>7.01(12)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not use volume or issue numbers for newspapers.<\/li>\n<li>Include p. or pp. before page number(s) and indicate section (e.g., B in this case).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Women and mothering. <em>Calgary Herald<\/em>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. B8<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a07.01 (10, 11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>If accepted for publication, include only article and journal titles (no volume, issue, or page numbers).<\/li>\n<li>If submitted but not yet accepted, include only article title and publication status. Put article title in italics.<\/li>\n<li>If no intention to publish, list as unpublished manuscript.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients. <em>Journal of Health Behavior.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients<\/em>. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Manuscript submitted for publication<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Exercise and resilience in cancer patients<\/em>. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Unpublished manuscript.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>7.01 (6), 7.09(58-60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.8. <em>Title Format for Non-Periodicals <\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Put book titles in italics.<\/li>\n<li>Capitalize only the first letter, unless it is a two-part title.<\/li>\n<li>Capitalize proper nouns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>T<\/strong><\/span>alking cures: <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span> history of <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>W<\/strong><\/span>estern and <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span>astern psychotherapies<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td>6.29, 7.02(18-30)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Include publication information in parentheses following the title (e.g., edition, volume number).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>The evolution of nursing practice in Canada <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(3<sup>rd<\/sup> ed., Vol. 2)<\/span><\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/td>\n<td>7.02(23,28-30)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Include additional descriptors in brackets following the title and publication information (e.g., brochure, manual, data file).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>Training issues in health psychology <\/em>(2nd ed.) <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Manual]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>6.29, 7.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not italicize title of chapter &#8211; put book title in italics<\/li>\n<li>Capitalize only first letter of titles and subtitles (where applicable).<\/li>\n<li>Place initials before editor&#8217;s last names.<\/li>\n<li>No comma between two editors &#8211; commas between three or more.<\/li>\n<li>Comma after (Eds.).<\/li>\n<li>Include publication information after book title.<\/li>\n<li>Include chapter page numbers (except for books in press).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Building collaboration across the health disciplines. In <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">S.<\/span> <\/strong>Edwards &amp; <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">B. N.<\/span> <\/strong>Walters <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>New directions in inter-professional collaboration <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(pp. 279-304)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The future is bright! In R. W. Stevens<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> L. Hanson<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Z. Wells (Eds.)<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">L<\/span><\/strong>ooking forward, looking back: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">A<\/span><\/strong>dvances in professional psychology <\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2nd ed.,<\/span> <\/strong>pp. 101-134).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>7.02(21, 24, 25, 26)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>For chapters in e-books, if no pages numbers, omit pages.<\/li>\n<li>If e-reader version, note in brackets (e.g., Kindle, Kobo).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration for social change: Redefining the counseling profession. In C. Lee &amp; G. R. Walz (Eds.),<em> <em>Social action: A mandate for counselors <\/em><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[E-reader version]<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2011\/06\/how-do-you-cite-an-e-book.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>How Do You Cite an E-Book?<\/em><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>For reports, include the report number, if applicable, in parentheses following the title (e.g., Report No. XXX, Publication No. XXX).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>Leading communication groups<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Report No. 56 \u2013 NN &#8211; 23432)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a07.03(31, 33-35)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>For course materials, such as instructor commentaries, indicate nature of materials in brackets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>A short introduction to nurse practitioner competencies<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Course materials]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>7.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>For audiovisual materials, list nature of media in brackets following title.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>Psychodynamic counselling<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Audio podcast]<\/span>. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The FHD comedy hour<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Television series]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>7.07(49-53)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Indicate nature of digital or online materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><em>The masses are mobilizing<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Online forum comment].\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Theoretical eclecticism <\/em><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>[Electronic mailing list message].\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td>7.11(74-77]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"source\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Source<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The source component of your reference list depends primarily on whether the work has been logged into the DOI system, a means of applying a unique alpha-numeric identifier for each object available through digital sources. Finding the DOI is always your first step.<\/p>\n<h3>DOI<\/h3>\n<p>DOI numbers are unique <em>digital object identifiers<\/em> that catalogue works included in electronic versions of journals or books. If a DOI exists, then you must use it to identify the source of your information. Then you are done &#8211; no other source information is required. The current pattern for listing the DOI is as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/xxxxxxxxxxxxxx<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This new format replaces the older version &#8211; <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\">doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxxx &#8211; used in the current <em>APA Manual<\/em>. The advantage of this new format is that a reader can copy the URL into their browser and immediately access the article information and abstract from the publisher website. Try it out by clicking on this link: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2015.00069.x\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2015.00069.x<\/a>. The APA has posted updates on the new format: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/digital-object-identifier-doi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>How To Use the New DOI Format in APA Style<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/a-doi-primer.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>A DOI primer<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DOIs are often listed on the library database page where you retrieved your article. You often are given an option to format the reference automatically (although you must carefully proofread the entry, and the new DOI format is not yet included). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/flash\/pubs\/databases\/tutorials\/doi\/index.aspx?_ga=1.215674135.1261532175.1443104419\" rel=\"noopener\">The APA Style &#8211; Digital Object Identifiers [Video tutorial] <\/a>&#8211; demonstrates how to find DOIs in various databases.<\/p>\n<p>The good news is that there is now an even simpler way to locate a DOI (if one exists).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.crossref.org\/guestquery\/\" rel=\"noopener\">crossref.org &#8211; <em>Free DOI Lookup<\/em>,<\/a> allows you to search for the DOI based on author, date, and title<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.crossref.org\/SimpleTextQuery\/\" rel=\"noopener\">crossref.org &#8211; Simple Text Query Form,<\/a> allows you to enter your entire reference list at once to search for all of the DOI&#8217;s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Please note this word of caution: You must be very accurate with the other components of your reference for these tools to be effective. If you do not immediately retrieve a DOI, check the author, date, and title for accuracy &#8211; an <em>and<\/em> rather than\u00a0<em>an ampersand (<em>&amp;<\/em>) <\/em>in a journal title can make the difference. Some non-US sources (e.g., certain Canadian journals) are not currently included in the DOI registry, so you will need to move on to the publisher URL below.<\/p>\n<p>For examples and more information, see the <em>APA Manual<\/em> sections 6.31, 6.32, 7.01(1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 15), 7.02(19, 24).<\/p>\n<h3>Publisher URL<\/h3>\n<p>If a DOI exists, you are expected to use it in your reference list, whether you read the digital version or not. If you cannot find a DOI <em>and<\/em> you accessed the article or chapter electronically, then you must provide a URL. The basic pattern for listing the URL is as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Retrieved from URL<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>You must choose between the URL for the homepage of the publisher <em>or <\/em>the full document URL. So, how do you decide which one to use? You aim to optimize the ease with which a member of the public could access the information.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you retrieved a work through the library databases, the article URL (with database information) is not public. Test out this one without logging into the AU library: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ehh&amp;AN=85198764&amp;site=eds-live\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/0-search.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ehh&amp;AN=85198764&amp;site=eds-live<\/a>. In this case, the publisher homepage URL should be used: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/03069885.asp\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.tandf.co.uk\/journals\/titles\/03069885.asp<\/a>. Click on the journal name in most library databases to find the publisher URL or search the journal name on the Internet.<\/li>\n<li>If you retrieved a work from the Internet and it can easily be found by searching the publisher website, then the publisher homepage URL should be used. The Qualitative Report is an open access journal where the reader can easily locate an article: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/tqr\/\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/tqr\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Statistics Canada, however, hosts a vast selection of content that might make it difficult for the reader to find the specific report you used. In this case, the full URL should be provided. Take, for example, the following summary table that required 4-5 clicks for me to find: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/tables-tableaux\/sum-som\/l01\/cst01\/health88a-eng.htm\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/tables-tableaux\/sum-som\/l01\/cst01\/health88a-eng.htm<\/a>. The same applies for reports from various organizations, blog entries, forum posts, or other content not catalogued through the publisher home page.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Check out the following supports for choosing an appropriate URL (where a DOI is not available).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/what-to-usethe-full-document-url-or-home-page-url.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>What to Use &#8211; The Full Document URL or Home Page URL?<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2013\/10\/how-to-cite-social-media-in-apa-style.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>How to Cite Social Media in APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+<\/em>)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For more information and examples see the <em>APA Manual <\/em>sections 6.31, 6.32, 7.01(3, 4, 8), 7.02(19), 7.04(32), 7.05(42).<\/p>\n<h3>Database Information<\/h3>\n<p>The only time you should provide database information is if you are certain that the article is only available within that database. Otherwise, readers would have an easier time finding the article through a publisher URL, as above. If restricted to a specific database, which sometime occurs with archived materials, <span style=\"color: #333333\">you must provide either the database home page URL (e.g., <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/<\/a>) or the database name and accession number (e.g., Retrieved from Global Health Studies database (Accession No. 89327498)).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">If a resource can only be accessed by purchasing it through a commercial website or database, then use <em>Available from . . . <\/em>rather than <em>Retrieved from . . . <\/em>to introduce the URL.<\/div>\n<p>Read Section 6.31 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for more information about DOIs and about uniform resource locators (URLs).<\/p>\n<h3>Print source with no DOI<\/h3>\n<p>Remember, that many print-based resources also have DOIs. If a DOI exists, you are expected to use it in your reference list. If no DOI exists and you are referencing content from a periodical such as an academic journal, no publisher information is required. Your reference is complete! For other print resources and for limited circulations periodicals, use the following format to complete the source component.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Author. (Date). Title of article or chapter. <em>Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book).<\/em> <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Location: Publisher.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Table 4.9 provides specific instructions about how to list the location and publisher for print-only resources.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 4.9. <em>Location and Publisher<\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Issue<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Principle(s)<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Reference Format<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">APA Source<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Canadian or US location<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Always list city<\/li>\n<li>List state or province using abbreviations\n<ul>\n<li>See <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1413027\" rel=\"noopener\">US abbreviations<\/a><\/li>\n<li>See <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1380608\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian abbreviations<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadapost.ca\/tools\/pg\/manual\/PGaddress-e.asp#1380608\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<\/p>\n<p>Toronto, ON: Brooks\/Cole.<\/td>\n<td>6.30, 7.02(25)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Location outside of Canada or US<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Include country in reference (along with city)<\/li>\n<li>Do not include province or state<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Auckland, <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>New Zealand<\/strong><\/span>: Kiwi Press.<\/p>\n<p>Brisbane, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Australia<\/span><\/strong>: Aussie Press.<\/td>\n<td>6.30, 7.02(18)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Multiple locations listed for publisher<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Select the home office (if indicated)<\/li>\n<li>If not, select the first location in the list<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi<\/p>\n<p>Select: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Thousand Oaks, CA<\/span><\/strong>: Sage<\/td>\n<td>6.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>University presses<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>If name of university reveals province or state, do not repeat in location<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Vancouver<\/span><\/strong>: University of British Columbia Press.<\/td>\n<td>6.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Length of publisher names<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep as brief as possible\n<ul>\n<li>Do not include Publishers, Inc., Co., etc.<\/li>\n<li>Include Press, Books, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Brooks\/Cole<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Auckland, New Zealand: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Kiwi Press<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>6.30, 7.02(18, 25)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Author = Publisher<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>If author and publisher are the same, use \u201cAuthor\u201d for the publisher notation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Toronto<\/span><\/strong>. (2003). \u2026 Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>6.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Review the principles for completing the source component of your references by checking out the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/2009\/09\/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style &#8211; <em>A DOI and URL Flowchart<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"integrating\"><\/a><strong>Integrating reference components<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Now that we have pulled references apart into their component parts, it is time to put them back together to create a reference list. The following exercises are designed to give you practice creating references for various types of resources you may cite in your papers. You will also need to refer to the <a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a>, <a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a>, <a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a>, and <a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a> information above. I deliberately have not attempted to replace the <em>APA Manual<\/em> or to be inclusive in my summaries, please refer to your <em>APA Manual<\/em> or the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.apastyle.org\/apastyle\/\" rel=\"noopener\">APA Style<\/a> blog.\u00a0<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><a id=\"exercise4-7\"><\/a>Exercises 4 to 7<\/h3>\n<p>The purpose of <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex4\">Exercise 4<\/a> is to practice creating references for periodicals. Double-check your responses with <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex4a\">Exercise 4 Feedback<\/a>. There probably are a few things that you need to review to ensure that you have mastered this material.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex5\">Exercise 5<\/a> is designed to give you practice referencing various types of books. Check your responses against the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex5a\">Exercise 5 Feedback<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In most cases, you will not reference an entire book, but rather a specific chapter on the topic you are writing about. <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex6\">Exercise 6<\/a> aims to reinforce your learning about how to reference specific sections of a book. Be sure to review the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex6a\">Exercise 6 Feedback<\/a> to see where you require more review.<\/p>\n<p>You may retrieve other documents or portions of documents online that meet the criteria for credible, scholarly sources. <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex7\">Exercise 7<\/a> assesses your mastery of referencing principles for these documents. Check your responses against the <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/back-matter\/practice-exercises-and-activities\/#ch4ex7a\">Exercise 7 Feedback<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"note textbox shaded\">\n<p>One of the challenges in applying APA editorial style is that the <em>APA Manual <\/em>does not make the underlying thematic connections or structural commonalities in each reference example sufficiently transparent. When I first started writing, I did what many of you probably do: I searched the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for an example that matched my information source. However, it is not possible to provide examples with all the different potential combinations of these components. My goal throughout this e-book has been to identify the core principles.<\/p>\n<p>I was well into my academic life when I had another insight that now seems completely obvious to me. It demonstrates the importance of looking at the big picture as well as the details. I have always struggled to remember the punctuation in references: commas or periods between various elements? What I realized is that breaking the reference into these distinct components solves this problem: Each field is separated by a period! Now that I have grasped this, I do not double-check my work all the time. I hope you also have to double-check your work less once these underlying principles begin to sink in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>You should now have a draft of your reference list, with each entry completed according to the principles above. Here are a few reminders and tips for ensuring accuracy in your reference list.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Remember, every reference in your list follows the same basic pattern in terms of the information it contains:\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>. (<strong><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/strong>). <span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Title of article or chapter<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span> <em><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and location in larger work (e.g., journal or book)<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333\">.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Source (either print or electronic)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Use the referencing summary in <a href=\"#table4.9\">Table 4.9<\/a> below to quickly double-check proper referencing format for each source. If you do not see what you are looking for, review the <a href=\"#author2\">Author<\/a>, <a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a>, <a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a>, and <a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a> information above. Finally, go to Chapter 7 of the <em>APA Manual<\/em> for additional reference examples.<\/li>\n<li>As a general rule, include more rather than less information to ensure that your source can be properly located.<\/li>\n<li>Print your reference list, and compare each citation in your paper (from start to finish) against the list. I typically put a check mark or highlight each reference as I encounter a matching citation. This reminds me that the next time I encounter that citation, I need to ensure I am using the proper format for subsequent (not first) citation of that source.<\/li>\n<li>This is also a good time to review your reference list to make sure that each of the sources you have used fits the criteria for <span itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/WebPage\"><a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/what-do-we-mean-by-professional-writing\/#scholarly\">Scientific and scholarly foundation<\/a><\/span> in writing. Just because you now know how to reference something, does not make it an appropriate source for your paper.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The purpose of Table 4.10 is to provide a quick reference to the various ways in which each field in a reference may be displayed. You can combine elements from various fields to suit your information source \u2013 be careful to ensure that your combination is appropriate, though. I have attempted to illustrate a variety of permutations of each field. Use your mouse to scroll horizontally to view the complete table.<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"table4.9\"><\/a>Table 4.10. <em>Summary Table for References<sup>1<\/sup><\/em><\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #ecf7e1;border-color: #050505\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #aac288\">\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #339966\">Date<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Title of Article or Chapter<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #993366\">Title and Location in Book or Journal (if applicable)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Source (Print or Electronic)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Williams, C. C.<\/td>\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\n<td>A rationale for anti-oppressive models in mental health services.<\/td>\n<td><em>Crit<\/em><em>\u00ad<\/em><em>ical Health Care, 2<\/em>(2), 20-31.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.2195465<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\n<td>Building effective home care systems.<\/td>\n<td><em>Journal of International Nursing, 23<\/em>, 55-59.<\/td>\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6978.2002.tb299.x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bell, R. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\n<td>The future of nursing practice <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Special issue]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><em>Journal of Nursing, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">22<\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(6)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/\/www.nursing.org\/journal<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . . Eight, J.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\n<td>Blending culture and gender.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Proceedings<\/em><\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"> of the<\/span><\/strong> Annual Culture Convention, 2<\/em>(2), 20-31.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/www.criticalsocialwork.com\/CSW_V2_N2_WILL.pdf<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Williams, C. C.<\/td>\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\n<td>Evidence-based practice in health care <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Supplemental material]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><em>Crit<\/em><em>\u00ad<\/em><em>ical Health Care, 2<\/em>(2), 32-35.<\/td>\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.2195465<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">American Psychological Association<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\n<td><em>Guidelines for clients choosing assisted death<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from<\/span><\/strong> http:\/\/www.apa.org\/divisions\/div87\/guidelines\/assisteddeath.html<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Arthur, N.<\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td><em>The nature of career theory<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Course materials]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Graduate Centre for Applied Psychology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/gcap.athabascau.ca\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.,<\/span><\/strong> R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/td>\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration for social change.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">In C. Lee &amp; G. R. Walz (Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>Social action: A mandate for counselors<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td>Retrieved from <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/www.athabascau.ca\/cnhs\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Alberta, Department of Educational Psychology.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2012).<\/td>\n<td><em>Ethics guidelines for new counsellors<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.VATI.bc.ca\/ethics.pdf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Handy, C. D., &amp; Allen, G.<\/td>\n<td>(2011<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July 5<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Theoretical eclecticism <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Online forum comment]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Retrieved from <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/www.counselling.org\/group\/arttherapy\/message\/45<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Opening doors.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>(2004, August 1)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/www.counselling.org\/group\/arttherapy\/message\/45<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Arthur, N.<\/td>\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">C<\/span><\/strong>ounsellor education: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">W<\/span><\/strong>here do we go from here?<\/td>\n<td><em>C<\/em><em>anadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 49<\/em>, 88-103.<\/td>\n<td><em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from http:\/\/cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca\/cjc\/<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Anonymous<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>(2005<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, July 23<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Building online database systems <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Letter to the editor]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><em>Technology Weekly, 34<\/em>, 40-45.<\/td>\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brown, N., &amp; Achenbach, K.<\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">in press<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Excellence in practicum experiences <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Review of the book <em>Comparative practices in health practica<\/em>, by S. Low &amp; R. Brown].<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Spectrum Journal<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nott, J., &amp; Bell, A. <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>(Eds.)<\/strong><\/span>.<\/td>\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\n<td>The globalization of nursing <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Special issue]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><em>Journal of International Nursing, 45<\/em>(4).<\/td>\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/\u200b00110003260065<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wong, G.<\/td>\n<td>(2015<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, August 3<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Women and mothering.<\/td>\n<td><em>Calgary Herald<\/em>, <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">p. B8<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2011<span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <strong>March<\/strong><\/span>).<\/td>\n<td>Comments about the accreditation process.<\/td>\n<td><em>CPA Counselling Section Newsletter<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">, <\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">3-5.<\/span> <\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cpa.ca\/counselling\/news.html<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Andrews, N., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Sr.,<\/span><\/strong> &amp; Lenny, R., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Jr.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\n<td>Building an argument for theoretical integrity <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Abstract]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Proceedings<\/em><\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"> of the Alberta Health Disciplines Symposium<\/span><\/strong>, 24<\/em>, 56-64.<\/td>\n<td><em>\u00a0<\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hdab.ca\/2014syposium\/proceedings.pdf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Samson, R., &amp; Withrow, M.<\/td>\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\n<td>Building a solid framework for international collaborations.<\/td>\n<td><em>Journal of International Studies, 33<\/em>, 45-59.\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>Abstract retrieved from PsychAbstracts database. (Accession No. 3000938392)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bradshaw, R.<\/td>\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\n<td><em>Building an argument for theoretical integrity<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Manuscript submitted for publication.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Department of Canadian Heritage.<\/td>\n<td>(2013).<\/td>\n<td><em>Sexual orientation and human rights. <\/em><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Retrieved from Government of Canada website:<\/span><\/strong> http:\/\/www.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1355925591901\/1355925767915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bankart, P., Aliam, R., &amp; Fitzgerald, G.<\/td>\n<td>(2007).<\/td>\n<td><em>A history of <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">W<\/span><\/strong>estern and <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">E<\/span><\/strong>astern health care<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks\/Cole.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brown, N., &amp; Achenbach, K.<\/td>\n<td>(2011).<\/td>\n<td><em>Leading communication groups <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(2nd ed.)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ru.2011.07.003<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., Eli, W., &amp; Brown, R. U.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">2015<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td><em>Basic communication skills for group leaders <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">[Brochure]<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Auckland, New Zealand<\/span><\/strong>: Kiwi Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Federal Research Services.<\/td>\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\n<td><em>AIDS in North America<\/em> <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Report No. 56 \u2013 NN &#8211; 23432).<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Boyd, H., Carmen, J., Adams, R., Francis, M. R., Wilde, Z., &amp; Brown, R. U., <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">. . . <\/span><\/strong>Anderson, B.<\/td>\n<td>(2014).<\/td>\n<td>Interdisciplinary collaboration.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0In B. Moss &amp; G. Jones <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(Eds.)<\/span><\/strong>, <em>Working together: Inside the field <\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">(pp. 279-304)<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2013.00067.x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Toronto, Department of Clinical Psychology.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2010).<\/td>\n<td>What\u2019s in a theory?<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">In<\/span> <span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Managing depression<\/em><\/span><\/strong> (pp. 45-75).<\/td>\n<td>Toronto, ON: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Andrews, N., &amp; Lenny, R.<\/td>\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\n<td>Expanding our thinking.<\/td>\n<td>In J. G. Rubens (Ed.), <em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">H<\/span><\/strong>andbook of critical thinking<\/em>:\u00a0<em><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">T<\/span><\/strong>houghts on culture <\/em>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><em>Vol. 3, <\/em>2nd ed.,<\/span> <\/strong>pp. 289-310).<\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Moscow, Russia<\/span><\/strong>: Vladmir Press.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Preparing students for the 21st century.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">n.d.<\/span><\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.athabascau.ca\/fhd\/preparing.pdf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">University of Calgary.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(2015).<\/td>\n<td><em>Proceedings<\/em><em> of the International Consultation on Nursing<br \/>\n<\/em><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Calgary, AB: <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Author<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Jerry, P.<\/td>\n<td>(2015, June).<\/td>\n<td><em>Distributed learning in the information age<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Association for Distance Education. Vancouver, BC<\/span><\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Jerry, P.<\/td>\n<td>(2016).<\/td>\n<td><em>Moving distributed learning beyond traditional limits<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff\">Unpublished manuscript, Graduate Centre for Applied Psychology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>1 <\/sup>These are not actual references; they have been fabricated for the purpose of exemplifying the principles. The bold font is intended only to highlight examples of various permutations within each field.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong><a id=\"summary\"><\/a>Summary<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Your paper should now have appropriate citations inserted for each main point that reflects ideas you have drawn from others. You may be feeling a bit overwhelmed about all of the possible permutations and combinations of author, date, title, and source that may be required in your reference list. However, most of the time, you will find the information you need for your graduate papers through journal articles from the university library. This will narrow the range of options for each component of your references. You may end up with one or two other sources for a given paper, and now you will have a pretty good idea of where to start to ensure each of them is accurately and fully represented in your reference list. Review the editing checklist items below to ensure that you are ready to move on to the final formatting your paper, including your reference list, in <a href=\"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/chapter\/how-do-you-structure-and-format-your-paper\/\">Chapter 5<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Have you added appropriate citations for each key point and sub-point in your argument?<\/li>\n<li>Have you listed the sources in each cluster of citations in alphabetical order?<\/li>\n<li>Is your format for first time use and subsequent use of each citation accurate?<\/li>\n<li>Have you removed the date from repeat citations within the text of individual paragraphs?<\/li>\n<li>Have you accurately presented quotations in the paper?<\/li>\n<li>Have you included page or paragraph numbers to indicate exactly where your quotations came from?<\/li>\n<li>Have you correctly block-formatted quotations of 40 words or more?<\/li>\n<li>Do all of your citations have matching references?<\/li>\n<li>Have you used all of the entries in your reference list in your paper?<\/li>\n<li>Does each of your references contain full and accurate information?<\/li>\n<li>Do the DOI and URL links take you to the appropriate source?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is also a good time to double-check a few scholarly integrity issues.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are all of the ideas you have drawn from others accurately and consistently tied back to their sources?<\/li>\n<li>Have you accurately tracked the source of each paraphrase or quotation?<\/li>\n<li>Have you accessed all of the original sources rather than relying on secondary sources?<\/li>\n<li>Have you made substantive use of each of the resources in your reference list? [Adding in a citation just to beef up your reference list may be considered a scholarly integrity infraction.]<\/li>\n<li>Have you used an appropriate number of resources for the nature of the paper you are writing?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Crediting ideas","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["sandra-collins"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[53],"license":[61],"class_list":["post-25","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-sandra-collins","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/on-linelearning.ca\/professionalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}